<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6101150931550345593</id><updated>2012-02-15T22:56:27.041-08:00</updated><title type='text'>star</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shyamustar.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6101150931550345593/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shyamustar.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>shyamu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11792322276543195163</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>8</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6101150931550345593.post-8134207060946083409</id><published>2008-10-29T06:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-29T06:58:32.102-07:00</updated><title type='text'>SREESANTH</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Sreesanth&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; India&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Personal information&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Full name&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Sreesanth&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nickname&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Sree, Gopu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Born&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;6 February 1983 (age 25)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Kothamangalam, Kerala, India&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Batting style&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Right-handed&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bowling style&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Right-arm fast-medium&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Role&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Bowler&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;International information&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Test debut (cap 253)&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;1 March 2006: v England&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Last Test&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;11 April 2008: v South Africa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ODI debut (cap 162)&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;25 October 2005: v Sri Lanka&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Last ODI&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;4 March 2008: v Australia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Domestic team information&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Years&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Team&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2002-present&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Kerala&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Career statistics&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Tests&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ODIs&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;FC&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;List A&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Matches&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;41&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;60&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Runs scored&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;217&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;34&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;388&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Batting average&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;15.50&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;4.25&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;10.21&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;7.69&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;100s/50s&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;0/0&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;0/0&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;0/0&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;0/0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Top score&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;35&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;10*&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;35&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;33&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Balls bowled&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;2,873&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;1,925&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;7,649&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;2,909&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Wickets&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;50&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;59&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;128&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;78&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bowling average&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;31.46&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;31.45&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;32.53&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;34.71&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5 wickets in innings&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;10 wickets in match&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;0&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;n/a&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;0&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;n/a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Best bowling&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;5/40&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;6/55&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;5/40&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;6/55&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Catches/stumpings&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;2/–&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;6/–&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;8/–&lt;span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;7/–&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Source: CricketArchive, 25 October 2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Shanthakumaran Sreesanth pronunciation (help·info) (born February 6, 1983 in Kothamangalam, Kerala, India), also known as S. Sreesanth and most commonly Sreesanth, is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-arm fast-medium-pace bowler and a right-handed tail-ender batsman. A player of passion, he is noted for his exuberant and emotional behaviour, especially whilst appealing for and celebrating wickets. Such trademark behaviour has seen him frequently fined for violating the player conduct guidelines of the International Cricket Council. He is known to bowl at speeds mostly around 142km/h/88mph.Contents [show]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;[edit]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Early years&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sreesanth initially was a leg-spinner in his childhood, modelling his action on India's leading Test wicket-taker and now Test captain Anil Kumble. However, his habit of bowling yorkers led him to convert to fast bowling, after being encouraged by his elder brother.[1] Following in the footsteps of fellow Kerala fast bowler Tinu Yohannan, who earned selection to the National Cricket Academy in 2000, Sreesanth was selected for the MRF Pace foundation in Chennai. He then made his first-class debut against Goa in the 2002-03 domestic season, claiming 22 wickets in seven matches in the Ranji Trophy[2] and meriting a selection for South Zone in the Duleep Trophy squad in the same season.[3]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;He was selected for India-A side in a tour match against the visiting New Zealand side at Rajkot. He claimed one wicket in twelve overs after being restricted with a hamstring injury. He also missed five Ranji Trophy games in that season, although he still travelled with the side for away games. This led to rumours that an astrologer convinced him to take a break from competition to preserve his longevity in the sport, which Sreesanth categorically denied, maintaining that he was training only to regain his fitness.[1]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In November 2004, Sreesanth entered the record books when he took a hat-trick against Himachal Pradesh in a Ranji trophy game, the first time it was achieved by a Kerala bowler, earning him the nickname The Prince of hat-tricks amongst Keralites. He was selected to represent India B in the Challenger Trophy in October 2005, a domestic limited-overs tournament.[4] His strong performance in that tournament, being the leading wicket taker (7) with the third best bowling average[5] led to selection for the Indian team for the home ODI series against Sri Lanka. [6]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;[edit]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ODI career&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sreesanth was given the new ball[7] in the first ODI against Sri Lanka in Nagpur. After being punished early by Kumar Sangakkara and Sanath Jayasuriya, Sreesanth returned to claim his first two ODI wickets at the end of the match.[8] He was left out of the team and was later recalled for the fourth, fifth and sixth ODIs as coach Greg Chappell tinkered with the line-up. He was retained in the squad[9] but did not play in the 5 match series against South Africa, but played all five matches in the tour to Pakistan, recording a haul of 4/58 in the fifth ODI against Pakistani cricket team in Karachi. A good home series against the England in April 2006, in which he claimed 10 wickets at an average of 16.3, including a career best 6/55 in the final match at Indore (in which he was awarded the man of the match award [1]),[10] led to him subsequently being awarded a BCCI contract, in the C-grade in May.[11]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;His disappointing economy rate led him to be left out of the ICC Champions Trophy squad of 14, with the beneficiary being R. P. Singh. He made an unexpected come back to the blue squad due to the injury to Ajit Agarkar later in the tournament. He was also out of the Indian ODI team for the England tour.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;[edit]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Test career&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sreesanth bowling in the nets.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sreesanth was selected for his first Test squad in the home series against England in March 2006, in place of Zaheer Khan. He claimed 4/95 in his debut appearance in the 1st Test in Nagpur, where he opened the bowling with Irfan Pathan.[12] He was ruled out of the second Test in Mohali due to illness, but recovered and captured five wickets as well a 29* with the bat in the Third Test in Mumbai. With the axing of Pathan, Sreesanth became India's leading pace bowler on the tour of the West Indies. He missed the second Test due to an injury but managed to claim his best match figures of 5/72 in the 4th Test in Kingston, Jamaica.[13]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sreesanth's most significant performance to date in Test cricket was his role in the 1st Test of India's 2006 tour to South Africa at Johannesburg. After losing the limited-overs series 4-0, Sreesanth produced took 5-40 in a display of pace and swing to help dismiss South Africa. This performance helped to bowl South Africans out for just 84, leading to first Indian win on South African soil, for which he was named man of the match. Again, Sreesanth's emotional antics, which have led him to be regarded by some commentators as eccentric, were frequently noted. He was fined after breaching the International Cricket Council's advertising logo policy, and also for "conduct contrary to the spirit of the game" after sending off Hashim Amla after dismissing him.[14] He was also involved in a confrontation while batting against paceman Andre Nel, responding to a taunt from the fast bowler by charging the next ball, hitting it for six, and then running after Nel to perform a dance.[15]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sreesanth courted controversy once again during the fourth day of the second test of India's 2007 tour to England at Trent Bridge. He was fined half of his match fee for deliberately shoulder barging England captain Michael Vaughan whilst walking back to his mark. He also bowled a beamer at batsman Kevin Pietersen, which the latter had to take drastic action to avoid. Sreesanth however did immediately apologise afterwards. After the match he said that the ball had slipped from his hand. Soon later he bowled a no-ball where he overstepped the crease by 2 feet (0.61 m), leading to speculation it was deliberate, the delivery was a bouncer to Paul Collingwood. Former England captain Michael Atherton called for Sreesanth to be banned for the Pietersen beamer, saying that Sreesanth couldn't control his on-pitch emotions.[2] [3]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;[edit]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;World Twenty20 Championship, 2007&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In September 2007, Sreesanth joined the Indian team in South Africa for the inaugural Twenty20 World Cup following his omission for the one-day series in England. Although his performance in the tournament lacked consistency, Sreesanth managed breakthroughs at critical junctures that were vital to his team's success. During the semifinal match against Australia which India won, Sreesanth got the vital wickets of the Australian openers Gilchrist and Hayden. The latter proved to be decisive in turning the match round in India's favour. In the final against Pakistan, Sreesanth proved expensive with the ball, but became the centre of Indian celebrations as he held on to the catch in the last over that ended Pakistan's innings and made India World Twenty20 champions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6101150931550345593-8134207060946083409?l=shyamustar.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shyamustar.blogspot.com/feeds/8134207060946083409/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6101150931550345593&amp;postID=8134207060946083409' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6101150931550345593/posts/default/8134207060946083409'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6101150931550345593/posts/default/8134207060946083409'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shyamustar.blogspot.com/2008/10/sreesanth.html' title='SREESANTH'/><author><name>shyamu</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11792322276543195163</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6101150931550345593.post-8180807915119614957</id><published>2008-10-07T10:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-07T10:16:40.555-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Adolf Hitler</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 class="firstHeading"&gt;Adolf Hitler&lt;/h1&gt;       &lt;h3 id="siteSub"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;    &lt;div id="contentSub"&gt;  (Redirected from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hitler&amp;amp;redirect=no" title="Hitler"&gt;Hitler&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;          &lt;div id="jump-to-nav"&gt;Jump to: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#column-one"&gt;navigation&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#searchInput"&gt;search&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;div class="dablink"&gt;"Hitler" redirects here. For other uses, see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_%28disambiguation%29" title="Hitler (disambiguation)"&gt;Hitler (disambiguation)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="metadata plainlinks" id="protected-icon" style="position: absolute; z-index: 100; right: 55px; top: 10px;"&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected indefinitely in response to an ongoing high risk of vandalism."&gt;&lt;img alt="Semi-protected" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Padlock-silver-medium.svg/20px-Padlock-silver-medium.svg.png" border="0" height="20" width="20" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;table class="infobox vcard" style="margin-top: 1px; width: 23em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align: center; font-size: 140%; font-weight: bold;"&gt; &lt;div class="imagemap-inline"&gt;&lt;span class="fn"&gt;Adolf Hitler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Adolf_Hitler_cph_3a48970.jpg" class="image" title="Adolf Hitler"&gt;&lt;img alt="Adolf Hitler" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Adolf_Hitler_cph_3a48970.jpg/225px-Adolf_Hitler_cph_3a48970.jpg" border="0" height="305" width="225" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;"&gt; &lt;hr /&gt; &lt;div style="background: lavender none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer"&gt;Führer and Reichskanzler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: medium none; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;In office&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Preceded by&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg"&gt;Paul von Hindenburg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(as President)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Succeeded by&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz"&gt;Karl Dönitz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(as President)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;"&gt; &lt;hr /&gt; &lt;div style="background: lavender none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany"&gt;Chancellor of Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany#Reichskanzler_.281871.E2.80.931945.29" title="Chancellor of Germany"&gt;Reichskanzler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: medium none; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;In office&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Preceded by&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher"&gt;Kurt von Schleicher&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Succeeded by&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels"&gt;Joseph Goebbels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;"&gt; &lt;hr /&gt; &lt;div style="background: lavender none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter"&gt;Reichsstatthalter of Prussia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: medium none; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;In office&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1933 – 1935&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Succeeded by&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring"&gt;Hermann Göring&lt;/a&gt; (acting)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2"&gt; &lt;hr /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Born&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;20 April 1889&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunau_am_Inn" title="Braunau am Inn"&gt;Braunau am Inn&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Austria-Hungary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Died&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;30 April 1945 (age 56)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"&gt;Berlin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"&gt;Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Nationality&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;Austrian citizen until 1925&lt;sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-0" title=""&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;German citizen after 1932&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Political party&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist German Workers Party" class="mw-redirect"&gt;National Socialist German Workers Party&lt;/a&gt; (NSDAP)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Spouse&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun"&gt;Eva Braun&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(married on 29 April 1945)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Occupation&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician" title="Politician"&gt;Politician&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist" title="Artist"&gt;Artist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Religion&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;See &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#Religious_beliefs" title="Adolf Hitler"&gt;section below&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Signature&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_signature.jpg" class="image" title="Adolf Hitler's signature"&gt;&lt;img alt="Adolf Hitler's signature" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Hitler_signature.jpg/128px-Hitler_signature.jpg" border="0" height="44" width="128" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adolf Hitler&lt;/b&gt; (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"&gt;Austrian&lt;/a&gt;-born politician who led the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist German Workers Party" class="mw-redirect"&gt;National Socialist German Workers Party&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei NSDAP&lt;/i&gt;), the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party"&gt;Nazi Party&lt;/a&gt;. He was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany"&gt;Chancellor of Germany&lt;/a&gt; (1933–1945) and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer"&gt;Führer und Reichskanzler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; of Germany (1934–1945).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler was a decorated veteran of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I"&gt;World War I&lt;/a&gt; who led the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism"&gt;Nazi Party&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Germany" title="Weimar Germany" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Weimar Germany&lt;/a&gt;. Following his imprisonment after a 1923 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch"&gt;failed coup&lt;/a&gt;, he gained support by promoting &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism"&gt;nationalism&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism"&gt;antisemitism&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism"&gt;anti-communism&lt;/a&gt; with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority"&gt;charismatic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory" title="Oratory"&gt;oratory&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" title="Nazi propaganda"&gt;propaganda&lt;/a&gt;. The Nazis executed or assassinated many of their opponents, restructured the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany"&gt;state economy&lt;/a&gt;, rearmed the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht"&gt;armed forces&lt;/a&gt; and established a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism"&gt;totalitarian&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism"&gt;fascist&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship"&gt;dictatorship&lt;/a&gt;. Hitler pursued a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy"&gt;foreign policy&lt;/a&gt; with the declared goal of seizing &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum"&gt;Lebensraum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; ("living space"). The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_%281939%29" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)"&gt;German invasion&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"&gt;Poland&lt;/a&gt; in 1939 caused the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"&gt;British&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empires#Second_French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empires" class="mw-redirect"&gt;French Empires&lt;/a&gt; to declare war on Germany, leading to the outbreak of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Europe" title="World War II in Europe" class="mw-redirect"&gt;World War II in Europe&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Powers" title="Axis Powers" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Axis Powers&lt;/a&gt; occupied most of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe"&gt;continental Europe&lt;/a&gt; and parts of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"&gt;Asia&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"&gt;Africa&lt;/a&gt; until defeated by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II"&gt;Allies&lt;/a&gt;. By 1945, Germany was in ruins. Hitler's bid for territorial conquest and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism"&gt;racial subjugation&lt;/a&gt; caused the deaths of 43 million people, including the systematic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"&gt;genocide&lt;/a&gt; of an estimated six million &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew"&gt;Jews&lt;/a&gt; as well as various additional &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch"&gt;"undesirable" populations&lt;/a&gt; in what is known as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust"&gt;the Holocaust&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;During the final days of the war in 1945, as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"&gt;Berlin&lt;/a&gt; was being invaded by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army"&gt;Red Army&lt;/a&gt;, Hitler married &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun"&gt;Eva Braun&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-2" title=""&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Less than 24 hours later, the two &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler"&gt;committed suicide&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker"&gt;Führerbunker&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;div id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink"&gt;show&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul style="display: none;"&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Early_years"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Early years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Childhood_and_heritage"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Childhood and heritage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Childhood"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.1.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Childhood&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Heritage"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.1.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Heritage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Early_adulthood_in_Vienna_and_Munich"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#World_War_I"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;World War I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Entry_into_politics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Entry into politics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Beer_Hall_Putsch"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Beer Hall Putsch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Mein_Kampf"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Rebuilding_of_the_party"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Rebuilding of the party&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Rise_to_power"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Rise to power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Br.C3.BCning_Administration"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Brüning Administration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Cabinets_of_Papen_and_Schleicher"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Cabinets of Papen and Schleicher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Appointment_as_Chancellor"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Appointment as Chancellor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Reichstag_fire_and_the_March_elections"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Reichstag fire and the March elections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#.22Day_of_Potsdam.22_and_the_Enabling_Act"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;"Day of Potsdam" and the Enabling Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Removal_of_remaining_limits"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3.6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Removal of remaining limits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Third_Reich"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Third Reich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Economy_and_culture"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Economy and culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Rearmament_and_new_alliances"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Rearmament and new alliances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#The_Holocaust"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;The Holocaust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#World_War_II"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;World War II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Early_triumphs"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Early triumphs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Path_to_defeat"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Path to defeat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Defeat_and_death"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Defeat and death&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Legacy"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Legacy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Religious_beliefs"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Religious beliefs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Health_and_sexuality"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Health and sexuality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Health"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Health&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Sexuality"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Sexuality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Family"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Family&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Hitler_in_media"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Hitler in media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Oratory_and_rallies"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Oratory and rallies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Recorded_in_private_conversation"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Recorded in private conversation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Patria_picture_disc"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10.3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Patria picture disc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Documentaries_during_the_Third_Reich"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10.4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Documentaries during the Third Reich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Television"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Television&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Documentaries_post_Third_Reich"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10.6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Documentaries post Third Reich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Dramatizations"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10.7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Dramatizations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#Notes"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#References"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;14&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[  if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }  //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Early_years" id="Early_years"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Early years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Baby-hitler.jpg" class="image" title="Adolf Hitler as an infant."&gt;&lt;img alt="Adolf Hitler as an infant." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Baby-hitler.jpg/180px-Baby-hitler.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="223" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Baby-hitler.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Adolf Hitler as an infant.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Childhood_and_heritage" id="Childhood_and_heritage"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Childhood and heritage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Childhood" id="Childhood"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Childhood&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;Adolf Hitler was born at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunau_am_Inn" title="Braunau am Inn"&gt;Braunau am Inn&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Austria-Hungary&lt;/a&gt;, on 20 April 1889,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-3" title=""&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; the fourth child of six.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-4" title=""&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His father, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler" title="Alois Hitler"&gt;Alois Hitler&lt;/a&gt;, (1837–1903), was a customs official. His mother, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klara_Hitler" title="Klara Hitler"&gt;Klara Pölzl&lt;/a&gt;, (1860–1907), was Alois' third wife. She was also his half-niece, so a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_dispensation" title="Papal dispensation"&gt;papal dispensation&lt;/a&gt; was obtained for the marriage. Of Alois and Klara's six children, only Adolf and his sister &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Hitler" title="Paula Hitler"&gt;Paula&lt;/a&gt;, seven years his junior, reached adulthood.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull25_5-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull25-5" title=""&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler's father also had a son, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler,_Jr." title="Alois Hitler, Jr."&gt;Alois Jr&lt;/a&gt;, and a daughter, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Hitler" title="Angela Hitler"&gt;Angela&lt;/a&gt;, by his second wife.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull25_5-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull25-5" title=""&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler had a troubled childhood, as his father was violent to him and violent towards his mother. Hitler himself said that, as a boy, he was often beaten by his father. His aggression towards people can sometimes be viewed as an after effect of his childhood treatment . Years later he told his secretary, "I then resolved never again to cry when my father whipped me. A few days later I had the opportunity of putting my &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28philosophy%29" title="Will (philosophy)"&gt;will&lt;/a&gt; to the test. My mother, frightened, took refuge in front of the door. As for me, I counted silently the blows of the stick which lashed my rear end."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-6" title=""&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Some historians believe a history of family violence committed by his father against his mother is indicated in a section of his book &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf"&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; in which Hitler describes in vivid detail an anonymous example of family violence committed by a husband against a wife. This along with beatings by his father against him could explain Hitler's deep emotional attachment to his mother while at the same time having deep resentment towards his father.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler's family moved often, from Braunau am Inn to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passau" title="Passau"&gt;Passau&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambach" title="Lambach"&gt;Lambach&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonding" title="Leonding"&gt;Leonding&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz" title="Linz"&gt;Linz&lt;/a&gt;. The young Hitler was a good student in elementary school. But in the sixth grade, his first year of high school (&lt;i&gt;Realschule&lt;/i&gt;) in Linz he failed and had to repeat the grade. His teachers said that he had "no desire to work." One of Hitler's fellow pupils in the Realschule was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein"&gt;Ludwig Wittgenstein&lt;/a&gt;, one of the great philosophers of the 20th century.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-7" title=""&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler later said that his educational slump was a rebellion against his father, who wanted the boy to follow him in a career as a customs official; he wanted to become a painter instead. This explanation is further supported by Hitler's later description of himself as a misunderstood artist. After Alois died on 3 January 1903, Hitler's schoolwork did not improve. At age 16, Hitler dropped out of high school without a degree.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt;, Hitler attributed his conversion to German nationalism to a time during his early teenage years when he read a book of his father's about the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War"&gt;Franco-Prussian War&lt;/a&gt;, which caused him to question why his father and other German Austrians failed to fight for the Germans during the war.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-8" title=""&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Heritage" id="Heritage"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Heritage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-image"&gt; &lt;div style="width: 52px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Question_book-new.svg" class="image" title="Question book-new.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" border="0" height="39" width="50" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-text" style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;This section needs additional &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"&gt;citations&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"&gt;verification&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please help &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Hitler&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Hitler&amp;amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"&gt;improve this article&lt;/a&gt; by adding &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"&gt;reliable references&lt;/a&gt;. Unsourced material may be &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fact" title="Template:Fact"&gt;challenged&lt;/a&gt; and removed. &lt;i&gt;(August 2008)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler's father, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler" title="Alois Hitler"&gt;Alois Hitler&lt;/a&gt; was an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimacy" title="Illegitimacy" class="mw-redirect"&gt;illegitimate&lt;/a&gt; child. For the first 39 years of his life he bore his mother's surname, Schicklgruber. In 1876, he took the surname of his stepfather, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hiedler" title="Johann Georg Hiedler"&gt;Johann Georg Hiedler&lt;/a&gt;. The name was spelled &lt;i&gt;Hiedler&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Huetler&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Huettler&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Hitler&lt;/i&gt;, and probably regularized to &lt;i&gt;Hitler&lt;/i&gt; by a clerk. The origin of the name is either 'one who lives in a hut' (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language"&gt;Standard German&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Hütte&lt;/i&gt;), 'shepherd' (Standard German &lt;i&gt;hüten&lt;/i&gt; 'to guard,' &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;heed&lt;/i&gt;), or is from the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages"&gt;Slavic&lt;/a&gt; word &lt;i&gt;Hidlar&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Hidlarcek&lt;/i&gt;. (Regarding the first two theories: some German &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect"&gt;dialects&lt;/a&gt; make little or no distinction between the &lt;i&gt;ü&lt;/i&gt;-sound and the &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;-sound.)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Allied &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda"&gt;propaganda&lt;/a&gt; exploited Hitler's original family name during World War II. Pamphlets bearing the phrase "Heil Schicklgruber" were &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop"&gt;airdropped&lt;/a&gt; over German cities. He was legally born a Hitler, however, and was also related to Hiedler via his maternal grandmother, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Hiedler" title="Johanna Hiedler"&gt;Johanna Hiedler&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The name "Adolf" comes from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German"&gt;Old High German&lt;/a&gt; for "noble wolf" (Adel=nobility + wolf). Hence, one of Hitler's self-given nicknames was &lt;i&gt;Wolf&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;Herr Wolf&lt;/i&gt;; he began using this nickname in the early 1920s and was addressed by it only by intimates (as "Uncle Wolf" by the Wagners) up until the fall of the Third Reich.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-9" title=""&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The names of his various headquarters scattered throughout &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe"&gt;continental Europe&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsschanze" title="Wolfsschanze"&gt;Wolfsschanze&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia"&gt;East Prussia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Wolfsschlucht&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"&gt;France&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Werwolf&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"&gt;Ukraine&lt;/a&gt;, etc.) reflect this. By his closest family and relatives, Hitler was known as "Adi".&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler#Hitler.27s_biological_father" title="Alois Hitler"&gt;Hitler's paternal grandfather&lt;/a&gt; was most likely one of the brothers Johann Georg Hiedler or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hiedler" title="Johann Nepomuk Hiedler"&gt;Johann Nepomuk Hiedler&lt;/a&gt;. There were rumors that Hitler was one-quarter Jewish and that his grandmother, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Schicklgruber" title="Maria Schicklgruber"&gt;Maria Schicklgruber&lt;/a&gt;, became &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnant" title="Pregnant" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pregnant&lt;/a&gt; while working as a servant in a Jewish household. The implications of these rumors were politically explosive for the proponent of a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism"&gt;racist&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitic" title="Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;antisemitic&lt;/a&gt; ideology. Opponents tried to prove that Hitler had Jewish or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_people" title="Czech people" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Czech&lt;/a&gt; ancestors. Although these rumors were never confirmed, for Hitler they were reason enough to conceal his origins. According to Robert G. L. Waite in &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychopathic_God" title="The Psychopathic God"&gt;The Psychopathic God&lt;/a&gt;: Adolf Hitler&lt;/i&gt;, Hitler made it illegal for German women to work in Jewish households, and after the "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss"&gt;Anschluss&lt;/a&gt;" (annexation) of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"&gt;Austria&lt;/a&gt;, Hitler turned his father's hometown into an artillery practice area. Waite says that Hitler's insecurities in this regard may have been more important than whether Judaic ancestry could have been proven by his peers.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Early_adulthood_in_Vienna_and_Munich" id="Early_adulthood_in_Vienna_and_Munich"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;From 1905 on, Hitler lived a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism"&gt;bohemian&lt;/a&gt; life in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna"&gt;Vienna&lt;/a&gt; on an orphan's pension and support from his mother. He was rejected twice by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna" title="Academy of Fine Arts Vienna"&gt;Academy of Fine Arts Vienna&lt;/a&gt; (1907–1908), citing "unfitness for painting", and was told his abilities lay instead in the field of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture"&gt;architecture&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-10" title=""&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs" title="Memoirs" class="mw-redirect"&gt;memoirs&lt;/a&gt; reflect a fascination with the subject:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;The purpose of my trip was to study the picture gallery in the Court Museum, but I had eyes for scarcely anything but the Museum itself. From morning until late at night, I ran from one object of interest to another, but it was always the buildings which held my primary interest.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kampf-vol1ch2-11" title=""&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;Following the school rector's recommendation, he too became convinced this was his path to pursue, yet he lacked the proper academic preparation for architecture school:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;In a few days I myself knew that I should some day become an architect. To be sure, it was an incredibly hard road; for the studies I had neglected out of spite at the Realschule were sorely needed. One could not attend the Academy's architectural school without having attended the building school at the Technic, and the latter required a high-school degree. I had none of all this. The fulfillment of my artistic dream seemed physically impossible.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kampf-vol1ch2-11" title=""&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 21 December 1907, Hitler's mother died of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer"&gt;breast cancer&lt;/a&gt; at age 47. Ordered by a court in Linz, Hitler gave his share of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan"&gt;orphans&lt;/a&gt;' benefits to his sister Paula. When he was 21, he inherited money from an aunt. He struggled as a painter in Vienna, copying scenes from postcards and selling his paintings to merchants and tourists. After being rejected a second time by the Academy of Arts, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909, he lived in a shelter for the homeless. By 1910, he had settled into a house for poor working men.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler said he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kampf-vol1ch2-11" title=""&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which had a large Jewish community, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism"&gt;Orthodox Jews&lt;/a&gt; who had fled the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom"&gt;pogroms&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"&gt;Russia&lt;/a&gt;. But according to a childhood friend, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Kubizek" title="August Kubizek"&gt;August Kubizek&lt;/a&gt;, Hitler was a "confirmed anti-Semite" before he left Linz, Austria.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kampf-vol1ch2-11" title=""&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Vienna at that time was a hotbed of traditional religious prejudice and 19th century racism. Hitler may have been influenced by the writings of the ideologist and anti-Semite &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Lanz von Liebenfels" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lanz von Liebenfels&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic"&gt;polemics&lt;/a&gt; from politicians such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger"&gt;Karl Lueger&lt;/a&gt;, founder of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_%28Austria%29" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)"&gt;Christian Social Party&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Vienna" title="List of mayors of Vienna"&gt;Mayor of Vienna&lt;/a&gt;, the composer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner"&gt;Richard Wagner&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ritter_von_Sch%C3%B6nerer" title="Georg Ritter von Schönerer"&gt;Georg Ritter von Schönerer&lt;/a&gt;, leader of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism"&gt;pan-Germanic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Away from Rome!&lt;/i&gt; movement. Hitler claims in &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt; that his transition from opposing antisemitism on religious grounds to supporting it on racial grounds came from having seen an Orthodox Jew:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;There were very few Jews in Linz. In the course of centuries the Jews who lived there had become &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeanization" title="Europeanization" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Europeanized&lt;/a&gt; in external appearance and were so much like other human beings that I even looked upon them as Germans. The reason why I did not then perceive the absurdity of such an illusion was that the only external mark which I recognized as distinguishing them from us was the practice of their strange religion. As I thought that they were persecuted on account of their faith my aversion to hearing remarks against them grew almost into a feeling of abhorrence. I did not in the least suspect that there could be such a thing as a systematic antisemitism. Once, when passing through the inner City, I suddenly encountered a phenomenon in a long caftan and wearing black side-locks. My first thought was: Is this a Jew? They certainly did not have this appearance in Linz. I carefully watched the man stealthily and cautiously but the longer I gazed at the strange countenance and examined it feature by feature, the more the question shaped itself in my brain: Is this a German?&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kampf-vol1ch2-11" title=""&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;If this account is true, Hitler apparently did not act on his new belief. He often was a guest for dinner in a noble Jewish house, and he interacted well with Jewish merchants who tried to sell his paintings.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-12" title=""&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler may also have been influenced by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther"&gt;Martin Luther&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_their_Lies" title="On the Jews and their Lies" class="mw-redirect"&gt;On the Jews and their Lies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. In &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt;, Hitler refers to Martin Luther as a great warrior, a true statesman, and a great reformer, alongside &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner"&gt;Wagner&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Frederick the Great&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-13" title=""&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke"&gt;Wilhelm Röpke&lt;/a&gt;, writing after the Holocaust, concluded that "without any question, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism"&gt;Lutheranism&lt;/a&gt; influenced the political, spiritual and social history of Germany in a way that, after careful consideration of everything, can be described only as fateful."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-14" title=""&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-15" title=""&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler claimed that Jews were enemies of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race"&gt;Aryan race&lt;/a&gt;. He held them responsible for Austria's crisis. He also identified certain forms of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism"&gt;Socialism&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bolshevism&lt;/a&gt;, which had many Jewish leaders, as Jewish movements, merging his antisemitism with anti-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism"&gt;Marxism&lt;/a&gt;. Later, blaming Germany's military defeat in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I"&gt;World War I&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" title="German Revolution of 1918–19"&gt;1918 revolutions&lt;/a&gt;, he considered Jews the culprits of Imperial Germany's downfall and subsequent economic problems as well.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Generalising from tumultuous scenes in the parliament of the multi-national Austrian monarchy, he decided that the democratic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system"&gt;parliamentary system&lt;/a&gt; was unworkable. However, according to August Kubizek, his one-time roommate, he was more interested in Wagner's operas than in his politics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich"&gt;Munich&lt;/a&gt;. He wrote in &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt; that he had always longed to live in a "real" German city. In Munich, he became more interested in architecture and, he says, the writings of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain"&gt;Houston Stewart Chamberlain&lt;/a&gt;. Moving to Munich also helped him escape &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription"&gt;military service&lt;/a&gt; in Austria for a time, but the Austrian army eventually arrested him. After a physical exam and a contrite plea, he was deemed unfit for service and allowed to return to Munich. However, when Germany entered World War I in August 1914, he petitioned King &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria"&gt;Ludwig III of Bavaria&lt;/a&gt; for permission to serve in a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria"&gt;Bavarian&lt;/a&gt; regiment. This request was granted, and Adolf Hitler enlisted in the Bavarian army.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-16" title=""&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_with_other_German_soldiers.jpg" class="image" title="A young Hitler (left) posing with other German soldiers."&gt;&lt;img alt="A young Hitler (left) posing with other German soldiers." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Hitler_with_other_German_soldiers.jpg/180px-Hitler_with_other_German_soldiers.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="121" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_with_other_German_soldiers.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; A young Hitler (left) posing with other German soldiers.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="World_War_I" id="World_War_I"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;World War I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler served in France and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"&gt;Belgium&lt;/a&gt; in the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment (called &lt;i&gt;Regiment List&lt;/i&gt; after its first commander), ending the war as a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefreiter" title="Gefreiter"&gt;Gefreiter&lt;/a&gt; (equivalent at the time to a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_corporal" title="Lance corporal" class="mw-redirect"&gt;lance corporal&lt;/a&gt; in the British and American armies). He was a runner, the most dangerous job on the Western Front, and was often exposed to enemy fire.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-17" title=""&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He participated in a number of major battles on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29" title="Western Front (World War I)"&gt;Western Front&lt;/a&gt;, including the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres"&gt;First Battle of Ypres&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme"&gt;Battle of the Somme&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_%281917%29" title="Battle of Arras (1917)"&gt;Battle of Arras&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele"&gt;Battle of Passchendaele&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-18" title=""&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler was twice decorated for bravery. He received the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross"&gt;Iron Cross&lt;/a&gt;, Second Class, in 1914 and Iron Cross, First Class, in 1918, an honour rarely given to a Gefreiter.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-19" title=""&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, because the regimental staff thought Hitler lacked leadership skills, he was never promoted to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unteroffizier" title="Unteroffizier"&gt;Unteroffizier&lt;/a&gt; (equivalent to a British corporal). Other historians say that the reason he was not promoted is that he was not a German citizen. His duties at regimental headquarters, while often dangerous, gave Hitler time to pursue his artwork. He drew cartoons and instructional drawings for an army newspaper. In 1916, he was wounded in the leg during the Battle of the Somme, but returned to the front in March 1917. He received the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge"&gt;Wound Badge&lt;/a&gt; later that year. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner" title="Sebastian Haffner"&gt;Sebastian Haffner&lt;/a&gt;, referring to Hitler's experience at the front, suggests he did have at least some understanding of the military.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 15 October 1918, Hitler was admitted to a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital"&gt;field hospital&lt;/a&gt;, temporarily blinded by a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas" class="mw-redirect"&gt;mustard gas&lt;/a&gt; attack. The English psychologist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_%28psychologist%29" title="David Lewis (psychologist)"&gt;David Lewis&lt;/a&gt; and Bernhard Horstmann suggest the blindness may have been the result of a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder"&gt;conversion disorder&lt;/a&gt; (then known as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria"&gt;hysteria&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-20" title=""&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler said it was during this experience that he became convinced the purpose of his life was to "save Germany." Some scholars, notably &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz"&gt;Lucy Dawidowicz&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-21" title=""&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; argue that an intention to exterminate Europe's Jews was fully formed in Hitler's mind at this time, though he probably had not thought through how it could be done. Most historians think the decision was made in 1941, and some think it came as late as 1942.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Two passages in &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt; mention the use of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_gas" title="Poison gas" class="mw-redirect"&gt;poison gas&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote class="templatequote"&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;At the beginning of the Great War, or even during the War, if twelve or fifteen thousand of these Jews who were corrupting the nation had been forced to submit to poison-gas...then the millions of sacrifices made at the front would not have been in vain.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-22" title=""&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;blockquote class="templatequote"&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;These tactics are based on an accurate estimation of human weakness and must lead to success, with almost mathematical certainty, unless the other side also learns how to fight poison gas with poison gas. The weaker natures must be told that here it is a case of to be or not to be.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-5" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kampf-vol1ch2-11" title=""&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler had long admired Germany, and during the war he had become a passionate German patriot, although he did not become a German citizen until 1932. He was shocked by Germany's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation" title="Capitulation"&gt;capitulation&lt;/a&gt; in November 1918 even while the German army still held enemy territory.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-23" title=""&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Like many other German nationalists, Hitler believed in the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" title="Dolchstoßlegende" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Dolchstoßlegende&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; ("dagger-stab legend") which claimed that the army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" by civilian leaders and Marxists back on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_front" title="Home front"&gt;home front&lt;/a&gt;. These politicians were later dubbed the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Criminals" title="November Criminals" class="mw-redirect"&gt;November Criminals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles"&gt;Treaty of Versailles&lt;/a&gt; deprived Germany of various territories, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demilitarization" title="Demilitarization" class="mw-redirect"&gt;demilitarised&lt;/a&gt; the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland"&gt;Rhineland&lt;/a&gt; and imposed other economically damaging sanctions. The treaty re-created Poland, which even moderate Germans regarded as an outrage. The treaty also blamed Germany for all the horrors of the war, something which major historians like &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan"&gt;John Keegan&lt;/a&gt; now consider at least in part to be &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%27s_justice" title="Victor's justice"&gt;victor's justice&lt;/a&gt;: most European nations in the run-up to World War I had become increasingly &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisation" title="Militarisation" class="mw-redirect"&gt;militarised&lt;/a&gt; and were eager to fight. The culpability of Germany was used as a basis to impose &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparation" title="Reparation"&gt;reparations&lt;/a&gt; on Germany (the amount was repeatedly revised under the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan"&gt;Dawes Plan&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan"&gt;Young Plan&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium"&gt;Hoover Moratorium&lt;/a&gt;). Germany in turn perceived the treaty and especially, Article 231 the paragraph on the German responsibility for the war as a humiliation. For example, there was a nearly total demilitarisation of the armed forces, allowing Germany only six battleships, no submarines, no air force, an army of 100,000 without conscription and no armoured vehicles. The treaty was an important factor in both the social and political conditions encountered by Hitler and his Nazis as they sought power. Hitler and his party used the signing of the treaty by the "November Criminals" as a reason to build up Germany so that it could never happen again. He also used the "November Criminals" as scapegoats, although at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919"&gt;Paris peace conference&lt;/a&gt;, these politicians had had very little choice in the matter.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Entry_into_politics" id="Entry_into_politics"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Entry into politics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_political_beliefs" title="Hitler's political beliefs"&gt;Hitler's political beliefs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitlermember.png" class="image" title="A copy of Adolf Hitler's forged German Workers' Party (DAP) membership card. His actual membership number was 555 (the 55th member of the party—the 500 was added to make the group appear larger) but later the number was reduced to create the impression that Hitler was one of the founding members. Hitler had wanted to create his own party, but was ordered by his superiors in the Reichswehr to infiltrate an existing one instead."&gt;&lt;img alt="A copy of Adolf Hitler's forged German Workers' Party (DAP) membership card. His actual membership number was 555 (the 55th member of the party—the 500 was added to make the group appear larger) but later the number was reduced to create the impression that Hitler was one of the founding members. Hitler had wanted to create his own party, but was ordered by his superiors in the Reichswehr to infiltrate an existing one instead." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hitlermember.png/180px-Hitlermember.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="118" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitlermember.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; A copy of Adolf Hitler's forged &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party"&gt;German Workers' Party&lt;/a&gt; (DAP) membership card. His actual membership number was 555 (the 55th member of the party—the 500 was added to make the group appear larger) but later the number was reduced to create the impression that Hitler was one of the founding members.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-24" title=""&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler had wanted to create his own party, but was ordered by his superiors in the Reichswehr to infiltrate an existing one instead.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;After World War I, Hitler remained in the army and returned to Munich, where he—in contrast to his later declarations—attended the funeral march for the murdered Bavarian prime minister &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner"&gt;Kurt Eisner&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-25" title=""&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; After the suppression of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic"&gt;Bavarian Soviet Republic&lt;/a&gt;, he took part in "national thinking" courses organized by the &lt;i&gt;Education and Propaganda Department&lt;/i&gt; (Dept Ib/P) of the Bavarian &lt;i&gt;Reichswehr&lt;/i&gt; Group, Headquarters 4 under Captain &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Mayr" title="Karl Mayr"&gt;Karl Mayr&lt;/a&gt;. Scapegoats were found in "international Jewry", communists, and politicians across the party spectrum, especially the parties of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Coalition" title="Weimar Coalition"&gt;Weimar Coalition&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In July 1919, Hitler was appointed a &lt;i&gt;Verbindungsmann&lt;/i&gt; (police spy) of an &lt;i&gt;Aufklärungskommando&lt;/i&gt; (Intelligence Commando) of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr"&gt;Reichswehr&lt;/a&gt;, both to influence other soldiers and to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage"&gt;infiltrate&lt;/a&gt; a small party, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party"&gt;German Workers' Party&lt;/a&gt; (DAP). During his inspection of the party, Hitler was impressed with founder &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler"&gt;Anton Drexler&lt;/a&gt;'s antisemitic, nationalist, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism"&gt;anti-capitalist&lt;/a&gt; and anti-Marxist ideas, which favoured a strong active government, a "non-Jewish" version of socialism and mutual solidarity of all members of society. Drexler was impressed with Hitler's oratory skills and invited him to join as the party's 55th member. He was also made the seventh member of the executive committee. Years later, he claimed to be the party's seventh overall member, but it has been established that this claim is false.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Here Hitler also met &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart"&gt;Dietrich Eckart&lt;/a&gt;, one of the early founders of the party and member of the occult &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society"&gt;Thule Society&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-26" title=""&gt;[27]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him, teaching him how to dress and speak, and introducing him to a wide range of people. Hitler thanked Eckart by paying tribute to him in the second volume of &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt;. To increase the party's appeal, the party changed its name to the &lt;i&gt;Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist German Workers Party" class="mw-redirect"&gt;National Socialist German Workers Party&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920 and with his former superiors' continued encouragement began participating full time in the party's activities. By early 1921, Hitler was becoming highly effective at speaking in front of large crowds. In February, Hitler spoke before a crowd of nearly six thousand in Munich. To publicize the meeting, he sent out two truckloads of party supporters to drive around with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika"&gt;swastikas&lt;/a&gt;, cause a commotion and throw out leaflets, their first use of this tactic. Hitler gained notoriety outside of the party for his rowdy, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic"&gt;polemic&lt;/a&gt; speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians (including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchist" title="Monarchist" class="mw-redirect"&gt;monarchists&lt;/a&gt;, nationalists and other non-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_%28politics%29" title="Internationalism (politics)"&gt;internationalist&lt;/a&gt; socialists) and especially against Marxists and Jews.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The DAP was centered in Munich, a hotbed of German nationalists who included Army officers determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar republic. Gradually they noticed Hitler and his growing movement as a vehicle to hitch themselves to. Hitler traveled to Berlin to visit nationalist groups during the summer of 1921, and in his absence there was a revolt among the DAP leadership in Munich.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The party was run by an executive committee whose original members considered Hitler to be overbearing. They formed an &lt;a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alliance" class="extiw" title="wikt:alliance"&gt;alliance&lt;/a&gt; with a group of socialists from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg"&gt;Augsburg&lt;/a&gt;. Hitler rushed back to Munich and countered them by tendering his resignation from the party on 11 July 1921. When they realized the loss of Hitler would effectively mean the end of the party, he seized the moment and announced he would return on the condition that he replace Drexler as party chairman, with unlimited powers. Infuriated committee members (including Drexler) held out at first. Meanwhile an anonymous pamphlet appeared entitled &lt;i&gt;Adolf Hitler: Is he a traitor?&lt;/i&gt;, attacking Hitler's lust for power and criticizing the violent men around him. Hitler responded to its publication in a Munich newspaper by suing for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slander_and_libel" title="Slander and libel" class="mw-redirect"&gt;libel&lt;/a&gt; and later won a small settlement.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The executive committee of the DAP eventually backed down and Hitler's demands were put to a vote of party members. Hitler received 543 votes for and only one against. At the next gathering on 29 July 1921, Adolf Hitler was introduced as Führer of the National Socialist Party, marking the first time this title was publicly used.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler's beer hall oratory, attacking Jews, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy"&gt;social democrats&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism"&gt;liberals&lt;/a&gt;, reactionary monarchists, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism"&gt;capitalists&lt;/a&gt; and communists, began attracting adherents. Early followers included &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess"&gt;Rudolf Hess&lt;/a&gt;, the former air force pilot &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring"&gt;Hermann Göring&lt;/a&gt;, and the army captain &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm"&gt;Ernst Röhm&lt;/a&gt;, who became head of the Nazis' &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary_organizations" title="Paramilitary organizations" class="mw-redirect"&gt;paramilitary organization&lt;/a&gt;, the SA (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung"&gt;Sturmabteilung&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, or "Storm Division"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. Hitler also assimilated independent groups, such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg"&gt;Nuremberg&lt;/a&gt;-based &lt;i&gt;Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft&lt;/i&gt;, led by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher"&gt;Julius Streicher&lt;/a&gt;, who became &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter"&gt;Gauleiter&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia"&gt;Franconia&lt;/a&gt;. Hitler also attracted the attention of local business interests, was accepted into influential circles of Munich society, and became associated with wartime General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff"&gt;Erich Ludendorff&lt;/a&gt; during this time.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Drawing_of_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="image" title="Drawing of Hitler, 1923."&gt;&lt;img alt="Drawing of Hitler, 1923." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Drawing_of_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/180px-Drawing_of_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="301" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Drawing_of_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Drawing of Hitler, 1923.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Beer_Hall_Putsch" id="Beer_Hall_Putsch"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Beer Hall Putsch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch"&gt;Beer Hall Putsch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Encouraged by this early support, Hitler decided to use Ludendorff as a front in an attempted coup later known as the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch"&gt;Beer Hall Putsch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (sometimes as the &lt;i&gt;Hitler Putsch&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;Munich Putsch&lt;/i&gt;). The Nazi Party had copied &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"&gt;Italy&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism"&gt;fascists&lt;/a&gt; in appearance and also had adopted some programmatical points, and in 1923, Hitler wanted to emulate &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini"&gt;Benito Mussolini's&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome"&gt;March on Rome&lt;/a&gt;" by staging his own "Campaign in Berlin". Hitler and Ludendorff obtained the clandestine support of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Kahr" title="Gustav von Kahr" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Gustav von Kahr&lt;/a&gt;, Bavaria's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto"&gt;de facto&lt;/a&gt; ruler, along with leading figures in the Reichswehr and the police. As political posters show, Ludendorff, Hitler and the heads of the Bavarian police and military planned on forming a new government.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting headed by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller, a large beer hall outside of Munich. He declared that he had set up a new government with Ludendorff and demanded, at gunpoint, the support of Kahr and the local military establishment for the destruction of the Berlin government.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-27" title=""&gt;[28]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Kahr withdrew his support and fled to join the opposition to Hitler at the first opportunity.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-28" title=""&gt;[29]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The next day, when Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government as a start to their "March on Berlin", the police dispersed them. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch#Nazi_supporters_who_died_in_the_putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch"&gt;Sixteen NSDAP members&lt;/a&gt; were killed.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-29" title=""&gt;[30]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler fled to the home of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl"&gt;Ernst Hanfstaengl&lt;/a&gt; and contemplated suicide. He was soon arrested for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason" title="High treason"&gt;high treason&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg"&gt;Alfred Rosenberg&lt;/a&gt; became temporary leader of the party. During Hitler's trial, he was given almost unlimited time to speak, and his popularity soared as he voiced nationalistic sentiments in his &lt;a href="http://www.humanitas-international.org/showcase/chronography/speeches/1924-03-27.html" class="external text" title="http://www.humanitas-international.org/showcase/chronography/speeches/1924-03-27.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;defence speech&lt;/a&gt;. A Munich personality became a nationally known figure. On 1 April 1924, Hitler was sentenced to five years' imprisonment at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsberg_Prison" title="Landsberg Prison"&gt;Landsberg Prison&lt;/a&gt;. Hitler received favoured treatment from the guards and had much fan mail from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_%28aficionado%29" title="Fan (aficionado)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;admirers&lt;/a&gt;. He was pardoned and released from jail in December 1924, as part of a general amnesty for political prisoners. Including time on remand, he had served little more than one year of his sentence.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull121_30-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull121-30" title=""&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 28 June 1925 Hitler wrote a letter from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffing" title="Uffing"&gt;Uffing&lt;/a&gt; to the editor of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation"&gt;The Nation&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City"&gt;New York City&lt;/a&gt; stating how long he had been in prison at "Sandberg a. S." [sic] and how much his privileges had been revoked.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-31" title=""&gt;[32]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Mein_Kampf" id="Mein_Kampf"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf"&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;While at Landsberg he dictated &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;My Struggle&lt;/i&gt;, originally entitled &lt;i&gt;Four Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice&lt;/i&gt;) to his deputy Rudolf Hess.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull121_30-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull121-30" title=""&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography"&gt;autobiography&lt;/a&gt; and an exposition of his ideology. It was published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, selling about 240,000 copies between 1925 and 1934. By the end of the war, about 10 million copies had been sold or distributed (newly-weds and soldiers received free copies).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler spent years dodging taxes on the royalties of his book and had accumulated a tax debt of about 405,500 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reichsmark" title="German reichsmark" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Reichsmarks&lt;/a&gt; (€6 million in today's money) by the time he became chancellor (at which time his debt was waived).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-taxes_32-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-taxes-32" title=""&gt;[33]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-33" title=""&gt;[34]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright"&gt;copyright&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt; in Europe is claimed by the Free State of Bavaria and scheduled to end on 31 December 2015. Reproductions in Germany are authorized only for scholarly purposes and in heavily commented form. The situation is, however, unclear. Historian Werner Maser, in an interview with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild-Zeitung" title="Bild-Zeitung" class="mw-redirect"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bild am Sonntag&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; has stated that Peter Raubal, son of Hitler's nephew, Leo Raubal, would have a strong legal case for winning the copyright from Bavaria if he pursued it. Raubal has stated he wants no part of the rights to the book, which could be worth millions of euros.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-34" title=""&gt;[35]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The uncertain status has led to contested trials in Poland and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"&gt;Sweden&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt;, however, is published in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US" title="US" class="mw-redirect"&gt;US&lt;/a&gt;, as well as in other countries such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"&gt;Turkey&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"&gt;Israel&lt;/a&gt;, by publishers with various political positions.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Rebuilding_of_the_party" id="Rebuilding_of_the_party"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Rebuilding of the party&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_1928.jpg" class="image" title="Adolf Hitler (left), standing up behind Hermann Göring at a Nazi rally in Nuremberg, 1928."&gt;&lt;img alt="Adolf Hitler (left), standing up behind Hermann Göring at a Nazi rally in Nuremberg, 1928." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/Hitler_1928.jpg/180px-Hitler_1928.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="285" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_1928.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Adolf Hitler (left), standing up behind &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring"&gt;Hermann Göring&lt;/a&gt; at a Nazi rally in Nuremberg, 1928.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;At the time of Hitler's release, the political situation in Germany had calmed and the economy had improved, which hampered Hitler's opportunities for agitation. Though the &lt;i&gt;Hitler Putsch&lt;/i&gt; had given Hitler some national prominence, his party's mainstay was still Munich.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Since Hitler was still banned from public speeches, he appointed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser"&gt;Gregor Strasser&lt;/a&gt;, who in 1924 had been elected to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_%28institution%29" title="Reichstag (institution)"&gt;Reichstag&lt;/a&gt;, as &lt;i&gt;Reichsorganisationsleiter&lt;/i&gt;, authorizing him to organize the party in northern Germany. Strasser, joined by his younger brother &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser"&gt;Otto&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels"&gt;Joseph Goebbels&lt;/a&gt;, steered an increasingly independent course, emphasizing the socialist element in the party's programme. The &lt;i&gt;Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Gauleiter Nord-West&lt;/i&gt; became an internal opposition, threatening Hitler's authority, but this faction was defeated at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg_Conference" title="Bamberg Conference"&gt;Bamberg Conference&lt;/a&gt; in 1926, during which Goebbels joined Hitler.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;After this encounter, Hitler centralized the party even more and asserted the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip"&gt;Führerprinzip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; ("Leader principle") as the basic principle of party organization. Leaders were not elected by their group but were rather appointed by their superior and were answerable to them while demanding unquestioning obedience from their inferiors. Consistent with Hitler's disdain for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy"&gt;democracy&lt;/a&gt;, all power and authority devolved from the top down.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A key element of Hitler's appeal was his ability to evoke a sense of offended national pride caused by the Treaty of Versailles imposed on the defeated &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Reich" title="Second Reich" class="mw-redirect"&gt;German Empire&lt;/a&gt; by the Western Allies. Germany had lost economically important territory in Europe along with its colonies and in admitting to sole responsibility for the war had agreed to pay a huge &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations"&gt;reparations&lt;/a&gt; bill totaling 132 billion &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_gold_mark" title="German gold mark"&gt;marks&lt;/a&gt;. Most Germans bitterly resented these terms, but early Nazi attempts to gain support by blaming these humiliations on "international Jewry" were not particularly successful with the electorate. The party learned quickly, and soon a more subtle propaganda emerged, combining antisemitism with an attack on the failures of the "Weimar system" and the parties supporting it.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Having failed in overthrowing the Republic by a coup, Hitler pursued a "strategy of legality": this meant formally adhering to the rules of the Weimar Republic until he had legally gained power. He would then use the institutions of the Weimar Republic to destroy it and establish himself as dictator. Some party members, especially in the paramilitary SA, opposed this strategy; Röhm ridiculed Hitler as "Adolphe Legalité".&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Rise_to_power" id="Rise_to_power"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Rise to power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Hitler's rise to power"&gt;Hitler's rise to power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;table class="prettytable" border="2"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="5" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nazi Party Election Results&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Date&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Votes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Percentage&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Seats in Reichstag&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election,_May_1924" title="German election, May 1924"&gt;May 1924&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;1,918,300&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;6.5&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;32&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;Hitler in prison&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election,_December_1924" title="German election, December 1924"&gt;December 1924&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;907,300&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;3.0&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;14&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;Hitler is released from prison&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election,_1928" title="German election, 1928"&gt;May 1928&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;810,100&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;2.6&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;12&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election,_1930" title="German election, 1930"&gt;September 1930&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;6,409,600&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;18.3&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;107&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;After the financial crisis&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election,_July_1932" title="German election, July 1932"&gt;July 1932&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;13,745,800&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;37.4&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;230&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;After Hitler was candidate for presidency&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election,_November_1932" title="German election, November 1932"&gt;November 1932&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;11,737,000&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;33.1&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;196&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election,_1933" title="German election, 1933"&gt;March 1933&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;17,277,000&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;43.9&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;288&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="left"&gt;During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Br.C3.BCning_Administration" id="Br.C3.BCning_Administration"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Brüning Administration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The political turning point for Hitler came when the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression"&gt;Great Depression&lt;/a&gt; hit Germany in 1930. The Weimar Republic had never been firmly rooted and was openly opposed by right-wing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism"&gt;conservatives&lt;/a&gt; (including monarchists), communists and the Nazis. As the parties loyal to the democratic, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic"&gt;parliamentary republic&lt;/a&gt; found themselves unable to agree on counter-measures, their &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coalition" title="Grand Coalition" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Grand Coalition&lt;/a&gt; broke up and was replaced by a minority cabinet. The new Chancellor, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning"&gt;Heinrich Brüning&lt;/a&gt; of the Roman Catholic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_%28Germany%29" title="Centre Party (Germany)"&gt;Centre Party&lt;/a&gt;, lacking a majority in parliament, had to implement his measures through the president's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_powers" title="Emergency powers" class="mw-redirect"&gt;emergency decrees&lt;/a&gt;. Tolerated by the majority of parties, this rule by decree would become the norm over a series of unworkable parliaments and paved the way for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian" title="Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect"&gt;authoritarian&lt;/a&gt; forms of government.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Reichstag's initial opposition to Brüning's measures led to premature elections in September 1930. The republican parties lost their majority and their ability to resume the Grand Coalition, while the Nazis suddenly rose from relative obscurity to win 18.3% of the vote along with 107 seats. In the process, they jumped from the sixth-smallest party in the chamber to the second largest.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In September–October 1930, Hitler appeared as a major defence witness at the trial in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig"&gt;Leipzig&lt;/a&gt; of two junior &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr"&gt;Reichswehr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; officers charged with membership of the Nazi Party, which at that time was forbidden to &lt;i&gt;Reichswehr&lt;/i&gt; personal.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-35" title=""&gt;[36]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The two officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hans Ludin admitted quite openly to Nazi Party membership, and used as their defence that the Nazi Party membership should not be forbidden to those serving in the &lt;i&gt;Reichswehr&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler-216_36-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Wheeler-216-36" title=""&gt;[37]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; When the Prosecution argued that the Nazi Party was a dangerous revolutionary force, one of the defence lawyers, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank"&gt;Hans Frank&lt;/a&gt; had Hitler brought to the stand to prove that the Nazi Party was a law-abiding party.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-37" title=""&gt;[38]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; During his testimony, Hitler insisted that his party was determined to come to power legally, that the phrase "National Revolution" was only to be interpreted "politically", and that his Party was a friend, not an enemy of the &lt;i&gt;Reichswehr&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-38" title=""&gt;[39]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler's testimony of 25 September 1930 won him many admirers within the ranks of the officer corps.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-39" title=""&gt;[40]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Brüning's measures of budget consolidation and financial &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity"&gt;austerity&lt;/a&gt; brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. Under these circumstances, Hitler appealed to the bulk of German farmers, war veterans and the middle class, who had been hard-hit by both the inflation of the 1920s and the unemployment of the Depression. Hitler received little response from the urban working classes and traditionally Catholic regions.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In September 1931, Hitler's niece &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geli_Raubal" title="Geli Raubal"&gt;Geli Raubal&lt;/a&gt; was found dead in her bedroom in his Munich apartment (his half-sister &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Hitler" title="Angela Hitler"&gt;Angela&lt;/a&gt; and her daughter Geli had been with him in Munich since 1929), an apparent suicide. Geli, who was believed to be in some sort of romantic relationship with Hitler, was 19 years younger than he was and had used his gun. His niece's death is viewed as a source of deep, lasting pain for him.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-40" title=""&gt;[41]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 1932, Hitler intended to run against the aging &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany"&gt;President&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg"&gt;Paul von Hindenburg&lt;/a&gt; in the scheduled &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_presidential_election,_1932" title="German presidential election, 1932"&gt;presidential elections&lt;/a&gt;. Though Hitler had left Austria in 1913, he still had not acquired German citizenship and hence could not run for public office. In February, however, the state government of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Brunswick-Lüneburg"&gt;Brunswick&lt;/a&gt;, in which the Nazi Party participated, appointed Hitler to a minor administrative post and also made him a citizen of Brunswick on 25 February 1932.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-41" title=""&gt;[42]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In those days, the states conferred citizenship, so this automatically made Hitler a citizen of Germany and thus eligible to run for president.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The new German citizen ran against Hindenburg, who was supported by a broad range of reactionary nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism"&gt;republican&lt;/a&gt; and even social democratic parties. Also in the field was a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany"&gt;Communist&lt;/a&gt; candidate and a member of a fringe right-wing party. Hitler's campaign was called "Hitler über Deutschland" (Hitler over Germany).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull201_42-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull201-42" title=""&gt;[43]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The name had a double meaning; besides a reference to his dictatorial ambitions, it also referred to the fact that he campaigned by aircraft.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull201_42-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull201-42" title=""&gt;[43]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This was a brand new political tactic that allowed Hitler to speak in two cities in one day, which was practically unheard of at the time. Hitler came in second on both rounds, attaining more than 35% of the vote during the second one in April. Although he lost to Hindenburg, the election established Hitler as a realistic alternative in German politics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Cabinets_of_Papen_and_Schleicher" id="Cabinets_of_Papen_and_Schleicher"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Cabinets of Papen and Schleicher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hindenburg, influenced by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarilla_%28history%29" title="Camarilla (history)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Camarilla&lt;/a&gt;, became increasingly estranged from Brüning and pushed his Chancellor to move the government in a decidedly authoritarian and right-wing direction. This culminated, in May 1932, with the resignation of the Brüning cabinet.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hindenburg appointed the nobleman &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen"&gt;Franz von Papen&lt;/a&gt; as Chancellor, heading a "Cabinet of Barons". Papen was bent on authoritarian rule and, since in the Reichstag only the conservative &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party"&gt;German National People's Party&lt;/a&gt; (DNVP) supported his administration, he immediately called for new elections in July. In these elections, the Nazis achieved their biggest success yet and won 230 seats, becoming the largest party in the Reichstag.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Knowing that it was not possible to form a stable government without Nazi support, Papen tried to persuade Hitler to become Vice-Chancellor and enter a new government with a parliamentary basis. Hitler, however, would settle for nothing less than the chancellorship. He put further pressure on Papen by entertaining parallel negotiations with the Centre Party, Papen's former party, which was bent on bringing down the renegade Papen. In both negotiations, Hitler demanded that he, as leader of the strongest party, must be Chancellor, but Hindenburg consistently refused to appoint the "Bohemian lance corporal" to the chancellorship.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;After a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence"&gt;vote of no-confidence&lt;/a&gt; in the Papen government, supported by 84% of the deputies, the new Reichstag was dissolved, and new elections were called in November. This time, the Nazis lost some seats but still remained the largest party in the Reichstag.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;After Papen failed to secure a majority, he proposed to dissolve the parliament again along with an indefinite postponement of elections. Hindenburg at first accepted this, but after General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher"&gt;Kurt von Schleicher&lt;/a&gt; and the military withdrew their support, Hindenburg instead dismissed Papen and appointed Schleicher, who promised he could secure a majority government by negotiations with the Social Democrats, the trade unions, and dissidents from the Nazi Party under Gregor Strasser. In January 1933, however, Schleicher had to admit failure in these efforts and asked Hindenburg for emergency powers along with the same postponement of elections that he had opposed earlier, to which the president reacted by dismissing Schleicher.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Appointment_as_Chancellor" id="Appointment_as_Chancellor"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Appointment as Chancellor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Papen tried to get his revenge on Schleicher by working toward the General's downfall, through forming an intrigue with the camarilla and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg"&gt;Alfred Hugenberg&lt;/a&gt;, media mogul and chairman of the DNVP. Also involved were &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht"&gt;Hjalmar Schacht&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Thyssen" title="Fritz Thyssen"&gt;Fritz Thyssen&lt;/a&gt; and other leading German businessmen. They financially supported the Nazi Party, which had been brought to the brink of bankruptcy by the cost of heavy campaigning. The businessmen also wrote letters to Hindenburg, urging him to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties" which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-43" title=""&gt;[44]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Finally, the president reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler Chancellor of a coalition government formed by the NSDAP and DNVP. However, the Nazis were to be contained by a framework of conservative cabinet ministers, most notably by Papen as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany"&gt;Vice-Chancellor&lt;/a&gt; and by Hugenberg as Minister of the Economy. The only other Nazi besides Hitler to get a portfolio was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick"&gt;Wilhelm Frick&lt;/a&gt;, who was given the relatively powerless interior ministry (in Germany at the time, most powers wielded by the interior minister in other countries were held by the interior ministers of the states). As a concession to the Nazis, Göring was named &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio"&gt;minister without portfolio&lt;/a&gt;. While Papen intended to use Hitler as a figurehead, the Nazis gained key positions. For instance, as part of the deal in which Hitler became Chancellor, Göring was named interior minister of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia"&gt;Prussia&lt;/a&gt;—giving him command of the largest police force in Germany.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On the morning of 30 January 1933, in Hindenburg's office, Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor during what some observers later described as a brief and simple ceremony. The Nazis' seizure of power subsequently became known as the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung" title="Machtergreifung"&gt;Machtergreifung&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Hitler established the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichssicherheitsdienst" title="Reichssicherheitsdienst"&gt;Reichssicherheitsdienst&lt;/a&gt; as his personal bodyguards.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Reichstag_fire_and_the_March_elections" id="Reichstag_fire_and_the_March_elections"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Reichstag fire and the March elections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Having become Chancellor, Hitler foiled all attempts by his opponents to gain a majority in parliament. Because no single party could gain a majority, Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag again. Elections were scheduled for early March, but on 27 February 1933, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire"&gt;Reichstag building was set on fire&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull262_44-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull262-44" title=""&gt;[45]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Since a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe"&gt;Dutch independent communist&lt;/a&gt; was found in the building, the fire was blamed on a communist plot. The government reacted with the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree"&gt;Reichstag Fire Decree&lt;/a&gt; of 28 February which suspended basic rights, including &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus"&gt;habeas corpus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Under the provisions of this decree, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany"&gt;German Communist Party&lt;/a&gt; (KPD) and other groups were suppressed, and communist functionaries and deputies were arrested, put to flight, or murdered.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Campaigning continued, with the Nazis making use of paramilitary violence, anti-communist hysteria, and the government's resources for propaganda. On election day, 6 March, the NSDAP increased its result to 43.9% of the vote, remaining the largest party, but its victory was marred by its failure to secure an absolute majority, necessitating maintaining a coalition with the DNVP.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull265_45-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull265-45" title=""&gt;[46]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Reichsparteitagnov1935.jpg" class="image" title="Parade of SA troops past Hitler. Nuremberg, November 1935."&gt;&lt;img alt="Parade of SA troops past Hitler. Nuremberg, November 1935." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Reichsparteitagnov1935.jpg/180px-Reichsparteitagnov1935.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="211" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Reichsparteitagnov1935.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Parade of SA troops past Hitler. Nuremberg, November 1935.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=".22Day_of_Potsdam.22_and_the_Enabling_Act"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;"Day of Potsdam" and the Enabling Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 21 March, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony held at Potsdam's garrison church. This "Day of Potsdam" was staged to demonstrate reconciliation and unity between the revolutionary Nazi movement and "Old Prussia" with its elites and virtues. Hitler appeared in a tail coat and humbly greeted the aged President Hindenburg.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Because of the Nazis' failure to obtain a majority on their own, Hitler's government confronted the newly elected Reichstag with the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933"&gt;Enabling Act&lt;/a&gt; that would have vested the cabinet with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative" title="Legislative" class="mw-redirect"&gt;legislative&lt;/a&gt; powers for a period of four years. Though such a bill was not unprecedented, this act was different since it allowed for deviations from the constitution. Since the bill required a two-thirds majority in order to pass, the government needed the support of other parties. The position of the Centre Party, the third largest party in the Reichstag, turned out to be decisive: under the leadership of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas"&gt;Ludwig Kaas&lt;/a&gt;, the party decided to vote for the Enabling Act. It did so in return for the government's oral guarantees regarding the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church"&gt;Church's&lt;/a&gt; liberty, the concordats signed by German states and the continued existence of the Centre Party.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 23 March, the Reichstag assembled in a replacement building under extremely turbulent circumstances. Some SA men served as guards within while large groups outside the building shouted slogans and threats toward the arriving deputies. Kaas announced that the Centre Party would support the bill with "concerns put aside," while Social Democrat &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wels" title="Otto Wels"&gt;Otto Wels&lt;/a&gt; denounced the act in his speech. At the end of the day, all parties except the Social Democrats voted in favour of the bill. Deputies of the Communist Party were unable to vote, having already been arrested by the Nazis. The Enabling Act was dutifully renewed by the Reichstag every four years, even through World War II.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Removal_of_remaining_limits" id="Removal_of_remaining_limits"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Removal of remaining limits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;With this combination of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature"&gt;legislative&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29" title="Executive (government)"&gt;executive&lt;/a&gt; power, Hitler's government further suppressed the remaining political &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29" title="Opposition (politics)"&gt;opposition&lt;/a&gt;. The Communist Party of Germany and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany"&gt;Social Democratic Party&lt;/a&gt; (SPD) were banned, while all other political parties were forced to dissolve themselves. Finally, on 14 July, the Nazi Party was declared the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_party_state" title="Single party state" class="mw-redirect"&gt;only legal party&lt;/a&gt; in Germany. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Union" title="Trade Union" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Labour unions&lt;/a&gt; were merged with employers' federations into an organisation under Nazi control, and the traditional autonomy of German state governments was abolished.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler also used the SA paramilitary to push Hugenberg into resigning, and proceeded to politically isolate Vice-Chancellor Papen. Because the SA's demands for political and military power caused much anxiety among military leaders, Hitler used allegations of a plot by the SA leader &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm"&gt;Ernst Röhm&lt;/a&gt; to purge the SA's leadership during the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives"&gt;Night of the Long Knives&lt;/a&gt;. Opponents unconnected with the SA were also murdered, notably Gregor Strasser and former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-46" title=""&gt;[47]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg"&gt;Paul von Hindenburg&lt;/a&gt; died on 2 August 1934. Rather than holding new presidential elections, Hitler's cabinet passed a law proclaiming the presidency dormant and transferred the role and powers of the head of state to Hitler as &lt;i&gt;Führer und Reichskanzler&lt;/i&gt; (leader and chancellor). Thereby Hitler also became supreme commander of the military, whose officers then swore an oath not to the state or the constitution but to Hitler personally.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull309_47-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull309-47" title=""&gt;[48]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In a mid-August plebiscite, these acts found the approval of 84.6% of the electorate.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-48" title=""&gt;[49]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This action technically violated both the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution"&gt;constitution&lt;/a&gt; and the Enabling Act. The constitution had been amended in 1932 to make the president of the High Court of Justice, not the chancellor, acting president until new elections could be held. The Enabling Act specifically barred Hitler from taking any action that tampered with the presidency. However, no one dared object. With this action, Hitler effectively removed the last remedy by which he could be dismissed from office—and with it, all checks and balances on his power.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 1938, Hitler forced the resignation of his War Minister (formerly Defense Minister), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg"&gt;Werner von Blomberg&lt;/a&gt;, after evidence surfaced that Blomberg's new wife had a criminal past. Hitler replaced the Ministry of War with the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht"&gt;Oberkommando der Wehrmacht&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (High Command of the Armed Forces, or OKW), headed by General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel"&gt;Wilhelm Keitel&lt;/a&gt;. More importantly, Hitler announced he was assuming personal command of the armed forces. He took over Blomberg's other old post, that of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief"&gt;Commander-in-chief&lt;/a&gt; of the Armed Forces, for himself. He was already Supreme Commander by virtue of holding the powers of the president. The next day, the newspapers announced, "Strongest concentration of powers in Führer's hands!" Many experts believe that it was at this point that Hitler became absolute dictator of Germany. It can, however, be argued that he became absolute dictator four years earlier with his assumption of the president's powers.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Third_Reich" id="Third_Reich"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Third Reich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"&gt;Nazi Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Having secured supreme political power, Hitler went on to gain their support by convincing most Germans he was their savior from the economic Depression, communism, the "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Bolshevism" title="Judeo-Bolshevism" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Judeo-Bolsheviks&lt;/a&gt;," and the Versailles treaty, along with other "undesirable" &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group"&gt;minorities&lt;/a&gt;. The Nazis eliminated opposition through a process known as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung"&gt;Gleichschaltung&lt;/a&gt; ("bringing into line").&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Economy_and_culture" id="Economy_and_culture"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Economy and culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler oversaw one of the greatest expansions of industrial production and civil improvement Germany had ever seen, mostly based on debt flotation and expansion of the military. Nazi policies toward women strongly encouraged them to stay at home to bear children and keep house. In a September 1934 speech to the National Socialist Women's Organization, Adolf Hitler argued that for the German woman her "world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home." This policy was reinforced by bestowing the Cross of Honor of the German Mother on women bearing four or more babies. The unemployment rate was cut substantially, mostly through arms production and sending women home so that men could take their jobs. Given this, claims that the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany"&gt;German economy&lt;/a&gt; achieved near &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment"&gt;full employment&lt;/a&gt; are at least partly artifacts of propaganda from the era. Much of the financing for Hitler's reconstruction and rearmament came from currency manipulation by Hjalmar Schacht, including the clouded credits through the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefo_bills" title="Mefo bills"&gt;Mefo bills&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler also oversaw one of the largest infrastructure-improvement campaigns in German history, with the construction of dozens of dams, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn"&gt;autobahns&lt;/a&gt;, railroads, and other civil works. Hitler's policies emphasised the importance of family life: men were the "breadwinners", while women's priorities were to lie in bringing up children and in household work. This revitalising of industry and infrastructure came at the expense of the overall standard of living, at least for those not affected by the chronic unemployment of the later Weimar Republic, since wages were slightly reduced in pre-World War II years, despite a 25% increase in the cost of living.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-49" title=""&gt;[50]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Laborers and farmers, the traditional voters of the NSDAP, however, saw an increase in their standard of living.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale, with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer"&gt;Albert Speer&lt;/a&gt; becoming famous as the first architect of the Reich. While important as an architect in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, Speer proved much more effective as armaments minister during the last years of World War II. In 1936, Berlin hosted the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics"&gt;summer Olympic games&lt;/a&gt;, which were opened by Hitler and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography"&gt;choreographed&lt;/a&gt; to demonstrate Aryan superiority over all other races, achieving mixed results.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Although Hitler made plans for a &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitspurbahn" title="Breitspurbahn"&gt;Breitspurbahn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_gauge" title="Broad gauge"&gt;broad gauge&lt;/a&gt; railroad network), they were preempted by World War II. Had the railroad been built, its gauge would have been three metres, even wider than the old &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway"&gt;Great Western Railway&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"&gt;Britain&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler contributed slightly to the design of the car that later became the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle"&gt;Volkswagen Beetle&lt;/a&gt; and charged &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche"&gt;Ferdinand Porsche&lt;/a&gt; with its design and construction.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-50" title=""&gt;[51]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Production was also deferred because of the war.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler considered &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta"&gt;Sparta&lt;/a&gt; to be the first National Socialist state, and praised its early &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics"&gt;eugenics&lt;/a&gt; treatment of deformed children.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-51" title=""&gt;[52]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;An important historical debate about Hitler’s economic policies concerns the “modernization” debate. Historians such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Schoenbaum" title="David Schoenbaum"&gt;David Schoenbaum&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ashby_Turner" title="Henry Ashby Turner"&gt;Henry Ashby Turner&lt;/a&gt; have argued that social and economic polices under Hitler were modernization carried out in pursuit of anti-modern goals.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-52" title=""&gt;[53]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Other group of historians centered around &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann"&gt;Rainer Zitelmann&lt;/a&gt; have contended that Hitler had a delibrate strategy of pursuing a revolutionary modernization of German society.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-53" title=""&gt;[54]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Rearmament_and_new_alliances" id="Rearmament_and_new_alliances"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Rearmament and new alliances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Powers" title="Axis Powers" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Axis Powers&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty" title="Tripartite Treaty" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Tripartite Treaty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:HitlerMussolini1934Venice.jpg" class="image" title="Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini during Hitler's visit to Venice from 14–16 June 1934."&gt;&lt;img alt="Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini during Hitler's visit to Venice from 14–16 June 1934." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/HitlerMussolini1934Venice.jpg/180px-HitlerMussolini1934Venice.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="130" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:HitlerMussolini1934Venice.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Adolf Hitler and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini"&gt;Benito Mussolini&lt;/a&gt; during Hitler's visit to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice"&gt;Venice&lt;/a&gt; from 14–16 June 1934.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In a meeting with his leading generals and admirals on 3 February 1933 Hitler spoke of "conquest of &lt;i&gt;Lebensraum&lt;/i&gt; in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-54" title=""&gt;[55]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In March 1933, the first major statement of German foreign policy aims appeared with the memo submitted to the German Cabinet by the State Secretary at the &lt;i&gt;Auswärtiges Amt&lt;/i&gt; (Foreign Office), Prince Bernhard von Bülow (not to be confused with his more famous uncle, the former Chancellor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow"&gt;Bernhard von Bülow&lt;/a&gt;), which advocated &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss"&gt;Anschluss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; with Austria, the restoration of the frontiers of 1914, the rejection of the Part V of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe"&gt;Eastern Europe&lt;/a&gt; as goals for the future. Hitler found the goals in Bülow's memo to be too modest.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-55" title=""&gt;[56]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In March 1933, to resolve the deadlock between the French demand for &lt;i&gt;sécurité&lt;/i&gt; (“security”) and the German demand for &lt;i&gt;gleichberechtigung&lt;/i&gt; (“equality of armaments”) at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conference" title="World Disarmament Conference"&gt;World Disarmament Conference&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva"&gt;Geneva&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"&gt;Switzerland&lt;/a&gt;, the British Prime Minister &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald"&gt;Ramsay MacDonald&lt;/a&gt; presented the compromise “MacDonald Plan”. Hitler endorsed the “MacDonald Plan”, correctly guessing that nothing would come of it, and that in the interval he could win some goodwill in London by making his government appear moderate, and the French obstinate.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-56" title=""&gt;[57]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In May 1933, Hitler informed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Dirksen" title="Herbert von Dirksen"&gt;Herbert von Dirksen&lt;/a&gt;, the German Ambassador in Moscow that he wished for an anti-Soviet understanding with Poland and, after Dirksen protested, stated he was after more than merely overturning the Treaty of Versailles.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-57" title=""&gt;[58]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In June 1933, Hitler was forced to disavow &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg"&gt;Alfred Hugenberg&lt;/a&gt; of the German National People's Party, who while attending the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Economic_Conference" title="London Economic Conference"&gt;London World Economic Conference&lt;/a&gt; put forth a programme of colonial expansion in both Africa and Eastern Europe, which created a major storm abroad.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-58" title=""&gt;[59]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Speaking to the Burgermeister of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"&gt;Hamburg&lt;/a&gt; in 1933, Hitler commented that Germany required several years of peace before she could be sufficiently rearmed enough to risk a war, and until then a policy of caution was called for.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Carr-29_59-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Carr-29-59" title=""&gt;[60]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In his "peace speeches" of 17 May 1933; 21 May 1935 and 7 March 1936 Hitler stressed his supposed pacific goals and a willingness to work within the international system.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-60" title=""&gt;[61]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In private, Hitler's plans were something less than pacific. At the first meeting of his Cabinet in 1933, Hitler placed military spending ahead of unemployment relief, and indeed was only prepared to spend money on the latter if the former was satisfied first.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-61" title=""&gt;[62]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; When the president of the &lt;i&gt;Reichsbank&lt;/i&gt;, the former Chancellor, Dr. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther"&gt;Hans Luther&lt;/a&gt; offered the new government the legal limit of 100 million &lt;i&gt;Reichmarks&lt;/i&gt; to finance rearmament, Hitler found the sum too low, and sacked Luther in March 1933 to replace him with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht"&gt;Hjalmar Schacht&lt;/a&gt;, who during the next five years was to advance 12 billion &lt;i&gt;Reichmarks&lt;/i&gt; worth of "Mefo-bills" to pay for rearmament.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-62" title=""&gt;[63]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A major initiative in Hitler's foreign policy in his early years was to create an alliance with Britain. In the 1920s, Hitler wrote that a future National Socialist foreign policy goal as being "the destruction of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"&gt;Russia&lt;/a&gt; with the help of England".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-63" title=""&gt;[64]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In May 1933, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg"&gt;Alfred Rosenberg&lt;/a&gt; in his capacity as head of the Nazi Party's &lt;i&gt;Aussenpolitisches Amt&lt;/i&gt; (Foreign Political Office) visited &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London"&gt;London&lt;/a&gt; as part of a disastrous effort to win an alliance with Britain.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-64" title=""&gt;[65]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In October 1933, Hitler pulled Germany out of both the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations"&gt;League of Nations&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conference" title="World Disarmament Conference"&gt;World Disarmament Conference&lt;/a&gt; after his Foreign Minister Baron &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath"&gt;Konstantin von Neurath&lt;/a&gt; made it appear to world public opinion that the French demand for &lt;i&gt;sécurité&lt;/i&gt; was the principle stumbling block.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw-145_65-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kershaw-145-65" title=""&gt;[66]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In line with the views he advocated in &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf"&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweites_Buch" title="Zweites Buch"&gt;Zweites Buch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; about the necessity of building an Anglo-German alliance, Hitler, in a meeting in November 1933 with the British Ambassador, Sir &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Phipps" title="Eric Phipps"&gt;Eric Phipps&lt;/a&gt;, offered a scheme in which Britain would support a 300,000-strong German Army in exchange for a German “guarantee” of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"&gt;British Empire&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-messerschmidt1_66-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-messerschmidt1-66" title=""&gt;[67]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In response, the British stated a ten-year waiting period would be necessary before Britain would support an increase in the size of the German Army.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-messerschmidt1_66-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-messerschmidt1-66" title=""&gt;[67]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A more successful initiative in foreign policy occurred with relations with Poland. In spite of intense opposition from the military and the &lt;i&gt;Auswärtiges Amt&lt;/i&gt; who preferred closer ties with the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"&gt;Soviet Union&lt;/a&gt;, Hitler, in the fall of 1933 opened secret talks with Poland that were to lead to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact" class="mw-redirect"&gt;German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact&lt;/a&gt; of January 1934.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw-145_65-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kershaw-145-65" title=""&gt;[66]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In February 1934, Hitler met with the British Lord Privy Seal, Sir &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden"&gt;Anthony Eden&lt;/a&gt;, and hinted strongly that Germany already possessed an Air Force, which had been forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-67" title=""&gt;[68]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the fall of 1934, Hitler was seriously concerned over the dangers of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation"&gt;inflation&lt;/a&gt; damaging his popularity&lt;sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-68" title=""&gt;[69]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. In a secret speech given before his Cabinet on November 5, 1934, Hitler stated he had "given the working class his word that he would allow no price increases. Wage-earners would accuse him of breaking his word if he did not act against the rising prices. Revolutionary conditions among the people would be the further consequence"&lt;sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-69" title=""&gt;[70]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Although a secret German armaments programme had been on-going since 1919, in March 1935, Hitler rejected Part V of the Versailles treaty by publicly announcing that the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht"&gt;German army&lt;/a&gt; would be expanded to 600,000 men (six times the number stipulated in the Treaty of Versailles), introducing an Air Force (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe"&gt;Luftwaffe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) and increasing the size of the Navy (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine"&gt;Kriegsmarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;). Britain, France, Italy and the League of Nations quickly condemned these actions. However, after re-assurances from Hitler that Germany was only interested in peace, no country took any action to stop this development and German re-armament continued. Later in March 1935, Hitler held a series of meetings in Berlin with the British Foreign Secretary Sir &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon"&gt;John Simon&lt;/a&gt; and Eden, during which he successfully evaded British offers for German participation in a regional security pact meant to serve as an Eastern European equivalent of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties"&gt;Locarno pact&lt;/a&gt; while the two British ministers avoided taking up Hitler's offers of alliance.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-70" title=""&gt;[71]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; During his talks with Simon and Eden, Hitler first used what he regarded as the brilliant colonial negotiating tactic, when Hitler parlayed an offer from Simon to return to the League of Nations by demanding the return of the former German colonies in Africa.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-71" title=""&gt;[72]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Starting in April 1935, disenchantment with how the Third Reich had developed in practice as opposed to what been promised had led to many in the Nazi Party, especially the &lt;i&gt;Alte Kämpfer&lt;/i&gt; (Old Fighters; i.e those who joined the Party before 1930, and who tended to the most ardent anti-Semitics in the Party), and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung"&gt;SA&lt;/a&gt; into lashing out against Germany's Jewish minority as a way of expressing their frustrations against .a group that the authorities would not generally protect&lt;sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-72" title=""&gt;[73]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The rank and file of the Party were most unhappy that two years into the Third Reich, and despite countless promises by Hitler prior to 1933, no law had been passed banning marriage or sex between those Germans belonging to the “Aryan” and Jewish “races”. A &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo"&gt;Gestapo&lt;/a&gt; report from the spring of 1935 stated that the rank and file of the Nazi Party would "set in motion by us from below" a solution to the "Jewish problem", "that the government would then have to follow".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-73" title=""&gt;[74]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As a result, Nazi Party activists and the SA started a major wave of assaults, vandalism and boycotts against German Jews.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-74" title=""&gt;[75]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 18 June 1935, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement"&gt;Anglo-German Naval Agreement&lt;/a&gt; (A.G.N.A.) was signed in London which allowed for increasing the allowed German tonnage up to 35% of that of the British navy. Hitler called the signing of the A.G.N.A. "the happiest day of his life" as he believed the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-75" title=""&gt;[76]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This agreement was made without consulting either France or Italy, directly undermined the League of Nations and put the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-76" title=""&gt;[77]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; After the signing of the A.G.N.A., in June 1935 Hitler ordered the next step in the creation of an Anglo-German alliance: taking all the societies demanding the restoration of the former German African colonies and coordinating (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung"&gt;Gleichschaltung&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) them into a new Reich Colonial Association (&lt;i&gt;Reichskolonialbund&lt;/i&gt;) which over the next few years waged an extremely aggressive propaganda campaign for colonial restoration.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-77" title=""&gt;[78]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler had no real interest in the former German African colonies. In &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt;, Hitler had excoriated the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"&gt;Imperial German&lt;/a&gt; government for pursuing colonial expansion in Africa prior to 1914 on the grounds that the natural area for &lt;i&gt;Lebensraum&lt;/i&gt; was Eastern Europe, not Africa.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-78" title=""&gt;[79]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It was Hitler’s intention to use colonial demands as a negotiating tactic that would see a German “renunciation” of colonial claims in exchange for Britain making an alliance with the &lt;i&gt;Reich&lt;/i&gt; on German terms.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-79" title=""&gt;[80]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the summer of 1935, Hitler was informed that between inflation and the need to use foreign exchange to buy raw materials Germany lacked for the rearmament meant that there was only 5 million &lt;i&gt;Reichmarks&lt;/i&gt; available for military expenditure, and a pressing need for some 300,000 &lt;i&gt;Reichmarks&lt;/i&gt;/day to prevent food shortages&lt;sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-80" title=""&gt;[81]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In August 1935, Dr. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht"&gt;Hjalmar Schacht&lt;/a&gt; advised Hitler that the wave of anti-Semitic violence was interfering with the workings of the economy, and hence rearmament.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-81" title=""&gt;[82]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Following Dr. Schacht’s complaints, plus reports that the German public did not approve of the wave of anti-Semitic violence, and that continuing police toleration of the violence was hurting the regime's popularity with the wider public, Hitler ordered a stop to "individual actions" against German Jews on 8 August 1935.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw-563_82-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kershaw-563-82" title=""&gt;[83]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; From Hitler's perspective, it was imperative to bring in harsh new anti-Semitic laws as a consolation prize for those Party members who were disappointed with Hitler's halt order of 8 August, especially because Hitler had only reluctantly given the halt order for pragmatic reasons, and his symapthies were with the Party radicals.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw-563_82-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kershaw-563-82" title=""&gt;[83]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The annual Nazi Party Rally held at Nuremberg in September 1935 was to feature the first session of the &lt;i&gt;Reichstag&lt;/i&gt; held at that city since 1543. Hitler had planned to have the &lt;i&gt;Reichstag&lt;/i&gt; pass a law making the Nazi Swastika flag the flag of the German &lt;i&gt;Reich&lt;/i&gt;, and a major speech in support of the impending Italian aggression against &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"&gt;Ethiopia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw-567_83-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kershaw-567-83" title=""&gt;[84]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler felt that the Italian aggression opened great opportunities for Germany. In August 1935, Hitler told Goebbels his foreign policy vision as: "With England eternal alliance. Good relationship with Poland...Expansion to the East. The Baltic belongs to us...Conflicts Italy-Abyssinia-England, then Japan-Russia imminent"&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw-580_84-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kershaw-580-84" title=""&gt;[85]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;At the last minute before the Nuremberg Party Rally was due to begin, the German Foreign Minister Baron &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath"&gt;Konstantin von Neurath&lt;/a&gt; persuaded Hitler to cancel his speech praising Italy for her willingness to commit aggression. Neurath convinced Hitler that his speech was too provocative to public opinion abroad as it contradicted the message of Hitler’s “peace speeches”, thus leaving Hitler with the sudden need to have something else to address the first meeting of the &lt;i&gt;Reichstag&lt;/i&gt; in Nuremberg since 1543, other than the &lt;i&gt;Reich&lt;/i&gt; Flag Law.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-85" title=""&gt;[86]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On 13 September 1935, Hitler hurriedly ordered two civil servants, Dr. Bernhard Lösener and Franz Albrecht Medicus of the Interior Ministry to fly to Nuremberg to start drafting anti-Semitic laws for Hitler to present to the &lt;i&gt;Reichstag&lt;/i&gt; for 15 September.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw-567_83-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Kershaw-567-83" title=""&gt;[84]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On the evening of 15 September, Hitler presented two laws before the &lt;i&gt;Reichstag&lt;/i&gt; banning sex and marriage between “Aryan” and Jewish Germans, the employment of “Aryan” woman under the age of 45 in Jewish households, and deprived “non-Aryans” of the benefits of German citizenship.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-86" title=""&gt;[87]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The laws of September 1935 are generally known as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws"&gt;Nuremberg Laws&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In October 1935, in order to prevent further food shortages and the introduction of rationing, Hitler to reluctantly order cuts in military spending&lt;sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-87" title=""&gt;[88]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the spring of 1936 in response to requests from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré"&gt;Richard Walther Darré&lt;/a&gt;, Hitler ordered 60 million &lt;i&gt;Reichmarks&lt;/i&gt; of foreign exchange to be used to buy seed oil for German farmers, a decision that led to bitter complaints from Dr. Schacht and the War Minister Field Marshal &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg"&gt;Werner von Blomberg&lt;/a&gt; that it would be impossible to achieve rearmament as long as foreign exchange was diverted to preventing food shortages&lt;sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-88" title=""&gt;[89]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Given the economic problems which was affecting his popularity by early 1936, Hitler felt the pressing need for a foreign policy triumph as a way of distracting public attention from the economy&lt;sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-89" title=""&gt;[90]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In an interview with the French journalist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel"&gt;Bertrand de Jouvenel&lt;/a&gt; in February 1936, Hitler appeared to disavow &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt; by saying that parts of his book were now out of date, and he was not guided by them (through just what precise parts were out of date was left unclear).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-90" title=""&gt;[91]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In March 1936, Hitler again violated the treaty by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland"&gt;reoccupying&lt;/a&gt; the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone"&gt;demilitarized zone&lt;/a&gt; in the Rhineland. When Britain and France did nothing, he grew bolder. In July 1936, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War"&gt;Spanish Civil War&lt;/a&gt; began when the military, led by General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco"&gt;Francisco Franco&lt;/a&gt;, rebelled against the elected &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_%28Spain%29" title="Popular Front (Spain)"&gt;Popular Front&lt;/a&gt; government. After receiving an appeal for help from General Franco in July 1936, Hitler sent troops to support Franco, and Spain served as a testing ground for Germany's new forces and their methods. At the same time, Hitler continued with his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. In July 1936, he offered to Phipps a promise that if Britain were to sign an alliance with the &lt;i&gt;Reich&lt;/i&gt;, then Germany would commit to sending twelve divisions to the Far East to protect British colonial possessions there from a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"&gt;Japanese&lt;/a&gt; attack.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-91" title=""&gt;[92]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler's offer was refused.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In August 1936, in response to a growing crisis in the German economy caused by the strains of rearmament, Hitler issued the "Four-Year Plan Memorandum" ordering &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring"&gt;Hermann Göring&lt;/a&gt; to carry out the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Year_Plan" title="Four Year Plan"&gt;Four Year Plan&lt;/a&gt; to have the German economy ready for war within the next four years.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-92" title=""&gt;[93]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; During the 1936 economic crisis, the German government was divided into two fractions with one (the so-called "free market" fraction) centering around the &lt;i&gt;Reichsbank&lt;/i&gt; President Hjalmar Schacht and the former Price Commissioner Dr. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler"&gt;Carl Friedrich Goerdeler&lt;/a&gt; calling for decreased military spending and a turn away from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky"&gt;autarkic&lt;/a&gt; policies, and another fraction around Göring calling for the opposite. Supporting the "free-market" faction were some of Germany's leading business executives, most notably Hermann Duecher of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEG" title="AEG"&gt;AEG&lt;/a&gt;, Robert Bosch of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" title="Robert Bosch GmbH"&gt;Robert Bosch GmbH&lt;/a&gt;, and Albert Voegeler of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigte_Stahlwerke_AG" title="Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG"&gt;Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Tooze_93-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Tooze-93" title=""&gt;[94]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Hitler hesitated for the first half of 1936 before siding with the more radical fraction in his "Four Year Plan" memo of August.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-94" title=""&gt;[95]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Historians such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy"&gt;Richard Overy&lt;/a&gt; have argued that the importance of the memo, which was written personally by Hitler, can be gauged by the fact that Hitler, who had something of a phobia about writing, hardly ever wrote anything down, which indicates that Hitler had something especially important to say.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-95" title=""&gt;[96]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The "Four-Year Plan Memorandum" predicated an imminent all-out, apocalyptic struggle between "Judo-Bolshevism" and German National Socialism, which necessitated a total effort at rearmament regardless of the economic costs.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-96" title=""&gt;[97]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the memo, Hitler wrote:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;Since the outbreak of the French Revolution, the world has been moving with ever increasing speed toward a new conflict, the most extreme solution of which is called Bolshevism, whose essence and aim, however, are solely the elimination of those strata of mankind which have hitherto provided the leadership and their replacement by worldwide Jewry. No state will be able to withdraw or even remain at a distance from this historical conflict...It is not the aim of this memorandum to prophesy the time when the untenable situation in Europe will become an open crisis. I only want, in these lines, to set down my conviction that this crisis cannot and will not fail to arrive and that it is Germany's duty to secure her own existence by every means in face of this catastrophe, and to protect herself against it, and that from this compulsion there arises a series of conclusions relating to the most important tasks that our people have ever been set. For a victory of Bolshevism over Germany would not lead to a Versailles treaty, but to the final destruction, indeed the annihilation of the German people...I consider it necessary for the &lt;i&gt;Reichstag&lt;/i&gt; to pass the following two laws: 1) A law providing the death penalty for economic sabotage and 2) A law making the whole of Jewry liable for all damage inflicted by individual specimens of this community of criminals upon the German economy, and thus upon the German people.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-97" title=""&gt;[98]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler called for Germany to have the world's "first army" in terms of fighting power within the next four years and that "the extent of the military development of our resources &lt;i&gt;cannot be too large, nor its pace too swift&lt;/i&gt;" (italics in the original) and the role of the economy was simply to support "Germany's self-assertion and the extension of her &lt;i&gt;Lebensraum&lt;/i&gt;".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-98" title=""&gt;[99]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-99" title=""&gt;[100]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler went on to write that given the magnitude of the coming struggle that the concerns expressed by members of the "free market" faction like Schacht and Goerdeler that the current level of military spending was bankrupting Germany were irrelevant. Hitler wrote that: "However well balanced the general pattern of a nation's life ought to be, there must at particular times be certain disturbances of the balance at the expense of other less vital tasks. If we do not succeed in bringing the German army as rapidly as possible to the rank of premier army in the world...then Germany will be lost!"&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Tooze_93-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Tooze-93" title=""&gt;[94]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and "The nation does not live for the economy, for economic leaders, or for economic or financial theories; on the contrary, it is finance and the economy, economic leaders and theories, which all owe unqualified service in this struggle for the self-assertion of our nation".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Tooze_93-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Tooze-93" title=""&gt;[94]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Documents such as the Four Year Plan Memo have often used by right historians such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ashby_Turner" title="Henry Ashby Turner"&gt;Henry Ashby Turner&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher"&gt;Karl Dietrich Bracher&lt;/a&gt; who argue for a “primacy of politics” approach (that Hitler was not subordinate to German business, but rather the contrary was the case) against the “primacy of economics” approach championed by Marxist historians (that Hitler was a “agent” of and subordinate to German business)&lt;sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-100" title=""&gt;[101]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In August 1936, the freelance Nazi diplomat &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop"&gt;Joachim von Ribbentrop&lt;/a&gt; was appointed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Ambassador_to_the_Court_of_St._James" title="German Ambassador to the Court of St. James" class="mw-redirect"&gt;German Ambassador to the Court of St. James&lt;/a&gt;. Before Ribbentrop left to take up his post in October 1936, Hitler told him: “Ribbentrop...get Britain to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, that is what I want most of all. I have sent you as the best man I’ve got. Do what you can... But if in future all our efforts are still in vain, fair enough, then I’m ready for war as well. I would regret it very much, but if it has to be, there it is. But I think it would be a short war and the moment it is over, I will then be ready at any time to offer the British an honourable peace acceptable to both sides. However, I would then demand that Britain join the Anti-Comintern Pact or perhaps some other pact. But get on with it, Ribbentrop, you have the trumps in your hand, play them well. I’m ready at any time for an air pact as well. Do your best. I will follow your efforts with interest”.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-101" title=""&gt;[102]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chichibunomiya_Yasuhito.jpg" class="image" title="Prince Yasuhito Chichibu, who met Hitler during the 1937 Nuremberg Rally"&gt;&lt;img alt="Prince Yasuhito Chichibu, who met Hitler during the 1937 Nuremberg Rally" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chichibunomiya_Yasuhito.jpg/180px-Chichibunomiya_Yasuhito.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="238" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chichibunomiya_Yasuhito.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Chichibu" title="Prince Chichibu"&gt;Prince Yasuhito Chichibu&lt;/a&gt;, who met Hitler during the 1937 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" title="Nuremberg Rally"&gt;Nuremberg Rally&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;An Axis was declared between Germany and Italy by Count &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano"&gt;Galeazzo Ciano&lt;/a&gt;, foreign minister of Fascist dictator &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini"&gt;Benito Mussolini&lt;/a&gt; on 25 October 1936. On 25 November of the same year, Germany concluded the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact"&gt;Anti-Comintern Pact&lt;/a&gt; with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;. At the time of the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact invitations were sent out for Britain, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"&gt;China&lt;/a&gt;, Italy and Poland to adhere; of the invited powers only the Italians were to sign the pact, in November 1937. To strengthen relationship with Japan, Hitler met in 1937 in Nuremberg &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Chichibu" title="Prince Chichibu"&gt;Prince Chichibu&lt;/a&gt;, a brother of emperor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito"&gt;Hirohito&lt;/a&gt;. However, the meeting with Prince Chichibu had little consequence, as Hitler refused the Japanese request to halt German arms shipments to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"&gt;China&lt;/a&gt; or withdraw the German officers serving with the Chinese in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War"&gt;Second Sino-Japanese War&lt;/a&gt;. Both the military and the &lt;i&gt;Auswärtiges Amt&lt;/i&gt; (Foreign Office) were strongly opposed to ending the informal German alliance with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"&gt;China&lt;/a&gt; that existed since the 1920s, and pressured Hitler to avoid offending the Chinese. The &lt;i&gt;Auswärtiges Amt&lt;/i&gt; and the military both argued to Hitler that given the foreign exchange problems which afflicted German rearmament, and the fact that various German-Chinese economic agreements provided Germany with raw materials that would otherwise use up precious foreign exchange, it was folly to seek an alliance with Japan that would have the inevitable result of ending the Sino-German alignment.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;By the latter half of 1937, Hitler had abandoned his dream of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership for turning down his offers of an alliance.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-messerschmidt2_102-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-messerschmidt2-102" title=""&gt;[103]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In a talk with the League of Nations High Commissioner for the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig"&gt;Free City of Danzig&lt;/a&gt;, the Swiss diplomat Carl Jacob Burckhardt in September 1937, Hitler protested what he regarded as British interference in the "German sphere" in Europe, though in the same talk, Hitler made clear his view of Britain as an ideal ally, which for pure selfishness was blocking German plans.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-messerschmidt2_102-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-messerschmidt2-102" title=""&gt;[103]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler had suffered severely from stomach pains and eczema in 1936–37, leading to his remark to the Nazi Party's propaganda leadership in October 1937 that because both parents died early in their lives, he would probably follow suit, leaving him with only a few years to obtain the necessary &lt;i&gt;Lebensraum&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-103" title=""&gt;[104]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-104" title=""&gt;[105]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; About the same time, Dr. Goebbels noted in his diary Hitler now wished to see the "Great Germanic Reich" he envisioned in his own lifetime rather than leaving the work of building the "Great Germanic Reich" to his successors.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-105" title=""&gt;[106]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 5 November 1937, at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Chancellory" title="Reich Chancellory" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Reich Chancellory&lt;/a&gt;, Adolf Hitler held a secret meeting with the War and Foreign Ministers plus the three service chiefs, recorded in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossbach_Memorandum" title="Hossbach Memorandum"&gt;Hossbach Memorandum&lt;/a&gt; and stated his intentions for acquiring "living space" &lt;i&gt;Lebensraum&lt;/i&gt; for the German people. He also ordered them to make plans for war in the east no later than 1943 in order to acquire &lt;i&gt;Lebensraum&lt;/i&gt;. Hitler stated the conference minutes were to be regarded as his "political testament" in the event of his death.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-106" title=""&gt;[107]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the memo, Hitler was recorded as saying that such a state of crisis had been reached in the German economy that the only way of stopping a severe decline in living standards in Germany was to embark sometime in the near-future on a policy of aggression by seizing Austria and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia"&gt;Czechoslovakia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-messerschmidt4_107-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-messerschmidt4-107" title=""&gt;[108]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-108" title=""&gt;[109]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Moreover, Hitler stated that the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race"&gt;arms race&lt;/a&gt; meant that time for action had to occur before Britain and France obtained a permanent lead in the arms race.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-messerschmidt4_107-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-messerschmidt4-107" title=""&gt;[108]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A striking change in the Hossbach Memo was Hitler’s changed view of Britain from the prospective ally of 1928 in the &lt;i&gt;Zweites Buch&lt;/i&gt; to the "hate-inspired antagonist" of 1937 in the Hossbach memo.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-109" title=""&gt;[110]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The historian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand"&gt;Klaus Hildebrand&lt;/a&gt; described the memo as the start of an "ambivalent course" towards Britain while the late historian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber"&gt;Andreas Hillgruber&lt;/a&gt; argued that Hitler was embarking on expansion "without Britain", preferably "with Britain", but if necessary "against Britain".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-110" title=""&gt;[111]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-111" title=""&gt;[112]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler's intentions outlined in the Hossbach memorandum led to strong protests from the Foreign Minister, Baron &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath"&gt;Konstantin von Neurath&lt;/a&gt;, the War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg and the Army Commander General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch"&gt;Werner von Fritsch&lt;/a&gt; that any German aggression in Eastern Europe was bound to trigger a war with France because of the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, the so-called &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire" title="Cordon sanitaire"&gt;cordon sanitaire&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and if a Franco-German war broke out, then Britain was almost certain to intervene rather than risk the chance of a French defeat.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg-39_112-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Weinberg-39-112" title=""&gt;[113]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The aggression against Austria and Czechoslovakia were intended to be the first of a series of localized wars in Eastern Europe that would secure Germany’s position in Europe before the final showdown with Britain and France. Fritsch, Blomberg and Neurath all argue that Hitler was pursuing an extremely high risk strategy of localized wars in Eastern Europe that was most likely to cause a general war before Germany was ready for such a conflict, and advised Hitler to wait until Germany had more time to rearm. Neurath, Blomberg and Fritsch had no moral objections to German aggression, but rather based their opposition on the question of timing—determining the best time for aggression.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg-39_112-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Weinberg-39-112" title=""&gt;[113]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Late in November 1937, Hitler received as his guest the British Lord Privy Seal, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax"&gt;Lord Halifax&lt;/a&gt; who was visiting Germany ostensibly as part of a hunting trip. Speaking of changes to Germany's frontiers, Halifax told Hitler that: "All other questions fall into the category of possible alterations in the European order which might be destined to come about with the passage of time. Amongst these questions were Danzig, Austria and Czechoslovakia. England was interested to see that any alterations should come through the course of peaceful evolution and that the methods should be avoided which might cause far-reaching disturbances".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-113" title=""&gt;[114]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Significantly, Halifax made clear in his statements to Hitler, though whether Hitler appreciated the significance of this or not is unclear, that any possible territorial changes had to be accomplished peacefully, and that though Britain had no security commitments in Eastern Europe beyond the Covenant of the League of Nations, that Britain would not tolerate territorial changes via war.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-114" title=""&gt;[115]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler seems to have misunderstood Halifax's remarks as confirming his conviction that Britain would just stand aside while he pursued his strategy of limited wars in Eastern Europe.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler was most unhappy with the criticism of his intentions expressed by Neurath, Blomberg, and Fritsch in the Hossbach Memo, and in early 1938 asserted his control of the military-foreign policy apparatus through the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomberg-Fritsch_Affair" title="Blomberg-Fritsch Affair"&gt;Blomberg-Fritsch Affair&lt;/a&gt;, the abolition of the War Ministry and its replacement by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht"&gt;OKW&lt;/a&gt;, and by sacking Neurath as Foreign Minister on 4 February 1938, assuming the rank, role and tile of the &lt;i&gt;Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-115" title=""&gt;[116]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The British economic historian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy"&gt;Richard Overy&lt;/a&gt; commented that the establishment of the OKW in February 1938 was a clear sign of what Hitler's intentions were since supreme headquarters organizations such as the OKW are normally set up during wartime, not peacetime.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-116" title=""&gt;[117]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Official German history of World War II has argued that from early 1938 onwards, Hitler was not carrying out a foreign policy that had carried a high risk of war, but was carrying out a foreign policy aiming at war.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-117" title=""&gt;[118]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="The_Holocaust" id="The_Holocaust"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;The Holocaust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust"&gt;The Holocaust&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;One of the foundations of Hitler's social policies was the concept of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene"&gt;racial hygiene&lt;/a&gt;. It was based on the ideas of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau"&gt;Arthur de Gobineau&lt;/a&gt;, a French count, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics"&gt;eugenics&lt;/a&gt;, a pseudo-science that advocated racial purity, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism"&gt;social Darwinism&lt;/a&gt;, a mis-use of Charles Darwin's thought. Applied to human beings, "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest"&gt;survival of the fittest&lt;/a&gt;" was interpreted as requiring racial purity and killing off "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_unworthy_of_life" title="Life unworthy of life"&gt;life unworthy of life&lt;/a&gt;." The first victims were children with physical and developmental disabilities; those killings occurred in a programme dubbed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_T4" title="Action T4"&gt;Action T4&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-overy252_118-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-overy252-118" title=""&gt;[119]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; After a public outcry, Hitler made a show of ending this program, but the killings in fact continued (see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics"&gt;Nazi eugenics&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Between 1939 and 1945, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS" title="SS" class="mw-redirect"&gt;SS&lt;/a&gt;, assisted by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationism" title="Collaborationism"&gt;collaborationist&lt;/a&gt; governments and recruits from occupied countries, systematically killed somewhere between 11 and 14 million people, including about six million Jews,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-119" title=""&gt;[120]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-120" title=""&gt;[121]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp" class="mw-redirect"&gt;concentration camps&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto"&gt;ghettos&lt;/a&gt; and mass executions, or through less systematic methods elsewhere. In addition to those gassed to death, many also died as a result of starvation and disease while working as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_labour" title="Slave labour" class="mw-redirect"&gt;slave labourers&lt;/a&gt; (sometimes benefiting private German companies). Along with Jews, non-Jewish &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"&gt;Poles&lt;/a&gt; (over three million), communists or political opponents, members of resistance groups, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality"&gt;homosexuals&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_%28people%29" title="Roma (people)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Roma&lt;/a&gt;, the physically handicapped and mentally retarded, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"&gt;Soviet&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"&gt;prisoners of war&lt;/a&gt; (possibly as many as three million), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_the_Holocaust" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Jehovah's Witnesses&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventists" title="Adventists" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Adventists&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopagans" title="Neopagans" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Neopagans&lt;/a&gt;, trade unionists, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric" title="Psychiatric" class="mw-redirect"&gt;psychiatric&lt;/a&gt; patients were killed. One of the biggest centres of mass-killing was the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp"&gt;extermination camp&lt;/a&gt; complex of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp"&gt;Auschwitz-Birkenau&lt;/a&gt;. Hitler never visited the concentration camps and did not speak publicly about the killing in precise terms.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust"&gt;The Holocaust&lt;/a&gt; (the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution"&gt;Endlösung der jüdischen Frage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; or "Final Solution of the Jewish Question") was planned and ordered by leading Nazis, with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler"&gt;Heinrich Himmler&lt;/a&gt; playing a key role. While no specific order from Hitler authorizing the mass killing has surfaced, there is documentation showing that he approved the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen"&gt;Einsatzgruppen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, killing squads that followed the German army through Poland and Russia, and that he was kept well informed about their activities. The evidence also suggests that in the fall of 1941 Himmler and Hitler decided upon mass extermination by gassing. During interrogations by Soviet &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer"&gt;intelligence officers&lt;/a&gt; declassified over fifty years later, Hitler's valet &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Linge" title="Heinz Linge"&gt;Heinz Linge&lt;/a&gt; and his military aide Otto Gunsche said Hitler had "pored over the first blueprints of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber"&gt;gas chambers&lt;/a&gt;." Also his private secretary, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traudl_Junge" title="Traudl Junge"&gt;Traudl Junge&lt;/a&gt;, testified that Hitler knew all about the death camps.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;To make for smoother cooperation in the implementation of this "Final Solution", the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannsee_conference" title="Wannsee conference" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Wannsee conference&lt;/a&gt; was held near Berlin on 20 January 1942, with fifteen senior officials participating, led by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich"&gt;Reinhard Heydrich&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann"&gt;Adolf Eichmann&lt;/a&gt;. The records of this meeting provide the clearest evidence of planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying to his associates, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews".&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="World_War_II" id="World_War_II"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;World War II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II"&gt;World War II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg" class="image" title="Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Munich, 1940"&gt;&lt;img alt="Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Munich, 1940" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg/180px-Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="135" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Hitler and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini"&gt;Benito Mussolini&lt;/a&gt; in Munich, 1940&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Early_triumphs" id="Early_triumphs"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Early triumphs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;In February 1938, Hitler finally ended the dilemma that had plagued German Far Eastern policy, namely whether to continue the informal alliance that existed with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"&gt;China&lt;/a&gt; since the 1920s or to create a new alliance with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;. Upon the advice of his newly appointed Foreign Minister, the strongly pro-Japanese &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop"&gt;Joachim von Ribbentrop&lt;/a&gt;, Hitler chose to end the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_%281911%E2%80%931941%29" title="Sino-German cooperation (1911–1941)"&gt;informal alliance&lt;/a&gt; with China as the price of gaining an alignment with Japan. In an address to the &lt;i&gt;Reichstag&lt;/i&gt;, Hitler announced German recognition of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo"&gt;Manchukuo&lt;/a&gt; and renounced the German claims to the former colonies in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean"&gt;Pacific&lt;/a&gt; held by Japan.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Bloch-178_121-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Bloch-178-121" title=""&gt;[122]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler ordered an end to arm shipments to China, and ordered the recall of all the German officers attached to the Chinese Army.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Bloch-178_121-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Bloch-178-121" title=""&gt;[122]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In retaliation for ending German support to China in the war against Japan, Generalissimo &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek"&gt;Chiang Kai-shek&lt;/a&gt; cancelled all of the Sino-German economic agreements, which deprived the Germans of such raw materials such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"&gt;tungsten&lt;/a&gt; the Chinese had previously provided. The ending of the Sino-German alignment increased the problems of German rearmament as the Germans were now forced to use their limited supply of foreign exchange to buy such materials as tungsten on the open market.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In March 1938, Hitler pressured Austria into unification with Germany (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss"&gt;the Anschluss&lt;/a&gt;) and made a triumphant entry into Vienna on 14 March.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-122" title=""&gt;[123]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-123" title=""&gt;[124]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Next, he intensified a crisis over the German-speaking &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland"&gt;Sudetenland&lt;/a&gt; districts of Czechoslovakia.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-124" title=""&gt;[125]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 3 March 1938, the British Ambassador Sir &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Henderson" title="Neville Henderson" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Neville Henderson&lt;/a&gt; met with Hitler and presented on behalf of his government a proposal for an international consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading role) in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change the frontiers.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-125" title=""&gt;[126]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler, who was more interested in &lt;i&gt;Lebensraum&lt;/i&gt; in Eastern Europe then in participating in international consortiums, rejected the British offer, using as his excuse that he wanted the former German African colonies returned to the &lt;i&gt;Reich&lt;/i&gt;, not an international consortium running Central Africa. Moreover, Hitler argued that it was totally outrageous on Britain’s part to impose conditions on German conduct in Europe as the price for territory in Africa.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Crozier-239_126-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Crozier-239-126" title=""&gt;[127]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler ended the conversation by telling Henderson he would rather wait twenty years for the return of the former colonies than accept British conditions for avoiding war.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Crozier-239_126-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Crozier-239-126" title=""&gt;[127]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-127" title=""&gt;[128]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 28 to 29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Henlein" title="Konrad Henlein"&gt;Konrad Henlein&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland"&gt;Sudeten&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Heimfront&lt;/i&gt; (Home Front), the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. During the Hitler-Henlein meetings, it was agreed that Henlein would provide the pretext for German aggression against Czechoslovakia by making demands on Prague for increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans that Prague could never be reasonably expected to fulfill. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"&gt;Hungary&lt;/a&gt; that “whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands...he wanted to sabotage an understanding by all means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly”.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-128" title=""&gt;[129]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intentions being to use the Sudeten question as the justification both at home and abroad for a war of aggression to destroy Czechoslovakia, under the grounds of self-determination, and Prague’s refusal to meet Henlein’s demands.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-129" title=""&gt;[130]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler’s plans called for a massive military build-up along the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia"&gt;Czechoslovak&lt;/a&gt; border, relentless propaganda attacks about the supposed ill treatment of the Sudetenlanders, and finally, “incidents” between &lt;i&gt;Heimfront&lt;/i&gt; activists and the Czechoslovak authorities to justify an invasion that would swiftly destroy Czechoslovakia in a few days campaign before other powers could act.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-130" title=""&gt;[131]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Since Hitler wished to have the fall harvest brought in as much as possible, and to complete the so-called “West Wall” to guard the Rhineland, the date for the invasion was chosen for late September or early October 1938.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-131" title=""&gt;[132]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In April 1938, Hitler ordered the OKW to start preparing plans for &lt;i&gt;Fall Grün&lt;/i&gt; (Case Green), the codename for an invasion of Czechoslovakia.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-132" title=""&gt;[133]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Further increasing the tension in Europe was the May Crisis of 19–22 May 1938. The May Crisis of 1938 was a false alarm caused by rumors that Czechoslovakia would be invaded the weekend of the municipal elections in that country, erroneous reports of major German troop movements along the Czechoslovak border just prior to the elections, the killing of two ethnic Germans by the Czechoslovak police, and Ribbentrop's highly bellicose remarks to Henderson when the latter asked the former if an invasion was indeed scheduled for the weekend, which led to a partial Czechoslovak mobilization and firm warnings from London against a German move against Czechoslovakia before it was realized that no invasion was intended for that weekend.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-133" title=""&gt;[134]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Through no invasion had been planned for May 1938, it was believed in London that such a course of action was indeed being considered in Berlin, leading to two warnings on 21 May and 22 May that the United Kingdom would go to war with Germany if France became involved in a war with Germany.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-134" title=""&gt;[135]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler, for his part, was to use the words of an aide, highly “furious” with the perception that he had been forced to back down by the Czechoslovak mobilization, and warnings from London and Paris, when he had in fact had been planning nothing for that weekend.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-135" title=""&gt;[136]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Though plans had already been drafted in April 1938 for an invasion of Czechoslovakia in the near future, the May Crisis and the perception of a diplomatic defeat further reinforced Hitler in his chosen course. The May Crisis seemed to have had the effect of convincing Hitler that expansion "without Britain" was not possible, and expansion "against Britain" was the only viable course.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-136" title=""&gt;[137]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the immediate aftermath of the May crisis, Hitler ordered an acceleration of German naval building beyond the limits of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement"&gt;A.G.N.A.&lt;/a&gt;, and in the "Heye memorandum", drawn at Hitler's orders, envisaged the Royal Navy for the first time as the principle opponent of the &lt;i&gt;Kriegsmarine&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-137" title=""&gt;[138]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;At the conference of 28 May 1938, Hitler declared that it was his "unalterable" decision to "smash Czechoslovakia" by 1 October of the same year, which was explained as securing the eastern flank "for advancing against the West, England and France.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-messerschmidt_138-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-messerschmidt-138" title=""&gt;[139]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; At the same conference, Hitler expressed his belief that Britain would not risk a war until British rearmament was complete, which Hitler felt would be around 1941–42, and Germany should in a series of wars eliminate France and her allies in Europe in the interval in the years 1938–41 while German rearmament was still ahead.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-messerschmidt_138-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-messerschmidt-138" title=""&gt;[139]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler's determination to go through with &lt;i&gt;Fall Grün&lt;/i&gt; in 1938 provoked a major crisis in the German command structure.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Murray-178_139-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Murray-178-139" title=""&gt;[140]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Chief of the General Staff, General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck"&gt;Ludwig Beck&lt;/a&gt; protested in a lengthy series of memos that &lt;i&gt;Fall Grün&lt;/i&gt; would start a world war that Germany would lose, and urged Hitler to put off the projected war.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Murray-178_139-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Murray-178-139" title=""&gt;[140]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler called Beck's arguments against war "&lt;i&gt;kindische Kräfteberechnugen&lt;/i&gt;" ("childish calculations").&lt;sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-140" title=""&gt;[141]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Starting in August 1938, information reached London that Germany was beginning to mobilize reservists, together with information leaked by anti-war elements in the German military that the war was scheduled for sometime in September.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-141" title=""&gt;[142]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Finally, as a result of intense French, and especially British diplomatic pressure, President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš"&gt;Edvard Beneš&lt;/a&gt; unveiled on 5 September 1938, the “Fourth Plan” for constitutional reorganization of his country, which granted most of the demands for Sudeten autonomy made by Henlein in his Karlsbad speech of April 1938, and threatened to deprive the Germans of their pretext for aggression.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-142" title=""&gt;[143]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Henlein’s &lt;i&gt;Heimfront&lt;/i&gt; promptly responded to the offer of “Fourth Plan” by having a series of violent crashes with the Czechoslovak police, culminating in major clashes in mid-September that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-143" title=""&gt;[144]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-144" title=""&gt;[145]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In a response to the threatening situation, in late August 1938, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"&gt;British&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"&gt;Prime Minister&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain"&gt;Neville Chamberlain&lt;/a&gt; had conceived of Plan Z, namely to fly to Germany, meet Hitler, and then work out an agreement that could end the crisis.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-145" title=""&gt;[146]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-146" title=""&gt;[147]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On 13 September 1938, Chamberlain offered to fly to Germany to discuss a solution to the crisis. Chamberlain had decided to execute Plan Z in response to erroneous information supplied by the German opposition that the invasion was due to start any time after 18 September.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-147" title=""&gt;[148]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Though Hitler was not happy with Chamberlain’s offer, he agreed to see the British Prime Minister because to refuse Chamberlain’s offer would put the lie to his repeated claims that he was a man of peace driven reluctantly to war because of Beneš’s intractability.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-148" title=""&gt;[149]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In a summit at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden"&gt;Berchtesgaden&lt;/a&gt;, Chamberlain promised to pressure Beneš into agreeing to Hitler's publicly stated demands about allowing the Sudetenland to join Germany, in return for a reluctant promise by Hitler to postpone any military action until Chamberlain had given a chance to fulfill his promise.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-149" title=""&gt;[150]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler had agreed to the postponement out of the expectation that Chamberlain would fail to secure Prague’s consent to transferring the Sudetenland, and was, by all accounts, most disappointed when Franco-British pressure secured just that.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-150" title=""&gt;[151]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The talks between Chamberlain and Hitler in September 1938 were made difficult by their innately differing concepts of what Europe should look like, with Hitler aiming to use the Sudeten issue as a pretext for war and Chamberlain genuinely striving for a peaceful solution.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-151" title=""&gt;[152]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;When Chamberlain returned to Germany on 22 September to present his peace plan for the transfer of the Sudetenland at a summit with Hitler at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Godesberg" title="Bad Godesberg"&gt;Bad Godesberg&lt;/a&gt;, the British delegation was most unpleasantly surprised to have Hitler reject his own terms he had presented at Berchtesgaden as now unacceptable.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-152" title=""&gt;[153]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; To put an end to Chamberlain’s peace-making efforts once and for all, Hitler demanded the Sudetenland be ceded to Germany no later then 28 September 1938 with no negotiations between Prague and Berlin and no international commission to oversee the transfer; no plebiscites to held in the transferred districts until after the transfer; and for good measure, that Germany would not forsake war as an option until all the claims against Czechoslovakia by Poland and Hungary had been satisfied.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-153" title=""&gt;[154]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The differing views between the two leaders were best symbolized when Chamberlain was presented with Hitler’s new demands and protested at being presented with an ultimatum, leading Hitler in turn to retort that because his document stating his new demands was entitled “Memorandum”, it could not possibly be an ultimatum.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-154" title=""&gt;[155]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On 25 September 1938 Britain rejected the Bad Godesberg ultimatum, and began preparations for war.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-155" title=""&gt;[156]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-156" title=""&gt;[157]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; To further underline the point, Sir &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Wilson_%28civil_servant%29" title="Horace Wilson (civil servant)"&gt;Horace Wilson&lt;/a&gt;, the British government’s Chief Industrial Advisor, and a close associate of Chamberlain was dispatched to Berlin to inform Hitler that if the Germans attacked Czechoslovakia, then France would honor her commitments as demanded by the Franco-Czechoslovak alliance of 1924, and “then England would feel honor bound, to offer France assistance”.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-157" title=""&gt;[158]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Initially, determined to continue with attack planned for 1 October 1938, sometime between 27 and 28 September, Hitler changed his mind, and asked to take up a suggestion, of and through the intercession of Mussolini, for a conference to be held in Munich with Chamberlain, Mussolini, and the French Premier &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier"&gt;Édouard Daladier&lt;/a&gt; to discuss the Czechoslovak situation.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-158" title=""&gt;[159]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Just what had caused Hitler to change his attitude is not entirely clear, but it is likely that the combination of Franco-British warnings, and especially the mobilization of the British fleet, had finally convinced him of what the most likely result of &lt;i&gt;Fall Grün&lt;/i&gt; would be; the minor nature of the alleged &lt;i&gt;casus belli&lt;/i&gt; being the timetables for the transfer made Hitler appear too much like the aggressor; the view from his advisors that Germany was not prepared either militarily or economically for a world war; warnings from the states that Hitler saw as his would-be allies in the form of Italy, Japan, Poland and Hungary that they would not fight on behalf of Germany; and very visible signs that the majority of Germans were not enthusiastic about the prospect of war.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-159" title=""&gt;[160]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-160" title=""&gt;[161]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-161" title=""&gt;[162]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Moreover, Germany lacked sufficient supplies of oil and other crucial raw materials (the plants that would produce the synthetic oil for the German war effort were not in operation yet), and was highly dependent upon imports from abroad.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Murray-256_162-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Murray-256-162" title=""&gt;[163]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;i&gt;Kriegsmarine&lt;/i&gt; reported that should war come with Britain, it could not break a British blockade, and since Germany had hardly any oil stocks, Germany would be defeated for no other reason than a shortage of oil.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-163" title=""&gt;[164]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Economics Ministry told Hitler that Germany had only 2.6 million tons of oil at hand, and should war with Britain and France, would require 7.6 million tons of oil.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-164" title=""&gt;[165]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Starting on 18 September 1938, the British refused to supply metals to Germany, and on 24 September the Admiralty forbade British ships to sail to Germany. The British detained the tanker &lt;i&gt;Invershannon&lt;/i&gt; carrying 8,600 tons of oil to Hamburg, which caused immediate economic pain in Germany&lt;sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-165" title=""&gt;[166]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Given Germany's dependence on imported oil (80% of German oil in the 1930s came from the New World), and the likelihood that a war with Britain would see a blockade cutting Germany off from oil supplies, historians have argued that Hitler's decision to see a peaceful end to call off &lt;i&gt;Fall Grün&lt;/i&gt; was due to concerns about the oil problem.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Murray-256_162-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Murray-256-162" title=""&gt;[163]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 30 September 1938, a one-day conference was held in Munich attended by Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini that led to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement"&gt;Munich Agreement&lt;/a&gt;, which gave to Hitler's ostensible demands by handing over the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland"&gt;Sudetenland&lt;/a&gt; districts to Germany.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull469_166-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull469-166" title=""&gt;[167]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Since London and Paris had already agreed to the idea of a transfer of the disputed territory in mid-September, the Munich Conference mostly comprised discussions in one day of talks on technical questions about how the transfer of the Sudetenland would take place, and featured the relatively minor concessions from Hitler that the transfer would take place over a ten day period in October, overseen by an international commission, and Germany would wait until Hungarian and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"&gt;Polish&lt;/a&gt; claims were settled.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-167" title=""&gt;[168]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; At the end of the conference, Chamberlain had Hitler sign a declaration of Anglo-German friendship, to which Chamberlain attached great importance and Hitler none at all.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-168" title=""&gt;[169]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Though Chamberlain was well-satisfied with the Munich conference, leading to his infamous claim to have secured “peace in our time”, Hitler was privately furious about being “cheated” out of the war he was desperate to have in 1938.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-169" title=""&gt;[170]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-170" title=""&gt;[171]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As a result of the summit, Hitler was &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine" title="Time Magazine" class="mw-redirect"&gt;TIME&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; magazine's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_the_Year" title="Person of the Year" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Man of the Year&lt;/a&gt; for 1938.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-171" title=""&gt;[172]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;British Prime Minister &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain"&gt;Neville Chamberlain&lt;/a&gt; hailed this agreement as "peace in our time", but by appeasing Hitler, Britain and France left Czechoslovakia to Hitler's mercy.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull469_166-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull469-166" title=""&gt;[167]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Though Hitler professed happiness in public over the achievement of his ostensible demands, in private he was determined to have a war the next time around by ensuring that Germany's future demands would not be met.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-172" title=""&gt;[173]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In Hitler’s view, a British-brokered peace, though extremely favorable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which proved that Britain needed to be ended as a power to allow him to pursue his dreams of eastern expansion.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-173" title=""&gt;[174]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-174" title=""&gt;[175]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the aftermath of Munich, Hitler felt since Britain would not ally herself nor stand aside to facilitate Germany’s continental ambitions, it had become a major threat, and accordingly, Britain replaced the Soviet Union in Hitler’s mind as the main enemy of the &lt;i&gt;Reich&lt;/i&gt;, with German policies being accordingly reoriented.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-175" title=""&gt;[176]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-176" title=""&gt;[177]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-177" title=""&gt;[178]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-178" title=""&gt;[179]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler expressed his disappointment over the Munich Agreement in a speech on 9 October 1938 in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken"&gt;Saarbrücken&lt;/a&gt; when he lashed out against the Conservative anti-appeasers &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill"&gt;Winston Churchill&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Duff_Cooper" title="Alfred Duff Cooper" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Alfred Duff Cooper&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden"&gt;Anthony Eden&lt;/a&gt;, whom Hitler described as a warmongering anti-German fraction, who would attack Germany at the first opportunity, and were likely to come to power at any moment.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-179" title=""&gt;[180]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the same speech, Hitler claimed “We Germans will no longer endure such governessy interference. Britain should mind her own business and worry about her own troubles”.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-180" title=""&gt;[181]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In November 1938, Hitler ordered a major anti-British propaganda campaign to be launched with the British being loudly abused for their "hypocrisy" in maintaining world-wide empire while seeking to block the Germans from acquiring an empire of their own.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-181" title=""&gt;[182]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A particular highlight in the anti-British propaganda was alleged British humans rights abuses in dealing with the Arab uprising in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Mandate" title="Palestine Mandate" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Palestine Mandate&lt;/a&gt; and in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt;, and the "hyprocrisy" of British criticism of the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht"&gt;Kristallnacht&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-182" title=""&gt;[183]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This marked a huge change from the earlier years of the Third Reich, when the German media had portrayed the British Empire in very favorable terms.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-183" title=""&gt;[184]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In November 1938, the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop was ordered to convert the Anti-Comintern Pact into an open anti-British military alliance, as a prelude for a war against Britain and France.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-184" title=""&gt;[185]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On 27 January 1939, Hitler approved the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Z" title="Plan Z"&gt;Z Plan&lt;/a&gt;, which called for a &lt;i&gt;Kriegsmarine&lt;/i&gt; of 10 battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, 3 battle cruisers, 44 light cruisers, 8 heavy cruisers, 68 destroyers and 249 U-boats by 1944 that was intended to crush the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy"&gt;Royal Navy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-185" title=""&gt;[186]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The importance of the Z Plan can be seen in Hitler's orders that henceforward the &lt;i&gt;Kriegsmarine&lt;/i&gt; was to go from third to one in allotment of raw materials and skilled workers.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-186" title=""&gt;[187]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the spring of 1939, the &lt;i&gt;Luftwaffe&lt;/i&gt; was ordered to start building a strategic bombing force that was meant to level British cities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-187" title=""&gt;[188]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler’s war plans against Britain called for a joint &lt;i&gt;Kriegsmarine-Luftwaffe&lt;/i&gt; offensive that was to stage "rapid annihilating blows" against British cities and shipping with the expectation that "The moment England is cut off from her supplies she is forced to capitulate" as Hitler expected that the experience of living in a blockaded, famine-stricken, bombed out island to be too much for the British public.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-188" title=""&gt;[189]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In November 1938, in a secret speech to a group of German journalists, Hitler noted that he had been forced to speak of peace as the goal in order to attain the degree of rearmament "which were an essential prerequisite...for the next step".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Carr-29_59-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Carr-29-59" title=""&gt;[60]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the same speech, Hitler complained that his peace propaganda of the last five years had been too successful, and it was time for the German people to be subjected to war propaganda.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-weinberg1_189-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-weinberg1-189" title=""&gt;[190]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler stated: "It is self-evident that such peace propaganda conducted for a decade has its risky aspect; because it can too easily induce people to come to the conclusion that the present government is identical with the decision and with the intention to keep peace under all circumstances", and instead called for new journalism that "had to present certain foreign policy events in such a fashion that the inner voice of the people itself slowly begins to shout out for the use of force."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-weinberg1_189-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-weinberg1-189" title=""&gt;[190]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In December 1938, the Chancellery of the of the Führer headed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Bouhler" title="Philipp Bouhler"&gt;Philipp Bouhler&lt;/a&gt; received a letter concerning a severely physically and mentally disabled baby girl named Sofia Knauer living in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig"&gt;Leipzig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-190" title=""&gt;[191]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.At that time, there was a furious rivalry existing between Bouhler’s office, the Reich Chancellery led by Hans-Heinrich Lammers, the Presidential Chancellery of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Otto Meissner&lt;/a&gt;, the office of Hitler’s adjutant Wilhelm Brückner and the Deputy Führer’s office which was effectively headed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Borman" title="Martin Borman" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Martin Borman&lt;/a&gt; over control over access to Hitler&lt;sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-191" title=""&gt;[192]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. As part of a power play against his rivals, Bouhler presented the letter concerning the disabled girl to Hitler, who responded by ordering his personal physician Dr. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Brandt_%28physician%29" title="Karl Brandt (physician)"&gt;Karl Brandt&lt;/a&gt; to kill Knauer&lt;sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-192" title=""&gt;[193]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. In January 1939, Hitler ordered Bouhler and Dr. Brandt to henceforward have all disabled infants born in Germany killed&lt;sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-193" title=""&gt;[194]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. This was the origin of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_T4" title="Action T4"&gt;Action T4&lt;/a&gt; program. Subsequently Dr. Brandt and Bouhler acting on their own initiative, through in the expectation of winning Hitler’s favor expanded the T4 program to killing first, all physically and/or mentally disabled children in Germany, and then all disabled adults&lt;sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-194" title=""&gt;[195]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by problems of rearmament, especially the shortage of foreign hard currencies needed to pay for raw materials Germany lacked together with reports from Göring that the Four Year Plan was hopelessly behind schedule forced Hitler in January 1939 to reluctantly order major defense cuts with the &lt;i&gt;Wehrmacht&lt;/i&gt; having its steel allocations cut by 30%, aluminum 47%, cement 25%, rubber 14% and copper 20%.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Murray-268_195-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Murray-268-195" title=""&gt;[196]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On 30 January 1939, Hitler made his "Export or die" speech calling for a German economic offensive ("export battle", to use Hitler's term), to increase German foreign exchange holdings and pay for raw materials needed for military materials.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Murray-268_195-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Murray-268-195" title=""&gt;[196]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939 is also known as Hitler’s "Prophecy Speech". The name which that speech is known comes from Hitler’s "prophecy" issued towards the end of the speech:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;"One thing I should like to say on this day which may be memorable for others as well for us Germans: In the course of my life I have very often been a prophet, and I usually been ridiculed for it. During the time of my struggle for power it was in the first instance the Jewish race which only received my prophecies with laughter when I said I would one day take over the leadership of the State, and it that of the whole nation, and I that I would then among many other things settle the Jewish problem. Their laughter was uproarious, but I think that for some time now they have been laughing on the other side of the face. Today I will be once more the prophet. If the international Jewish financiers outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the bolsheviszation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!"&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Marrus-37_196-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Marrus-37-196" title=""&gt;[197]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;. A significant historical debate has swung around the “Prophecy Speech”. Historians who take an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_versus_intentionalism" title="Functionalism versus intentionalism"&gt;intentionist&lt;/a&gt; line such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%A4ckel" title="Eberhard Jäckel"&gt;Eberhard Jäckel&lt;/a&gt; have argued that at minimum from the time of the “Prophecy Speech” onwards, Hitler was committed to genocide of the Jews as his central goal.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-197" title=""&gt;[198]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz"&gt;Lucy Dawidowicz&lt;/a&gt; and Gerald Fleming have argued that the "Prophecy Speech" was simply Hitler's way of saying that once he started a world war, he would use that war as a cover for his already pre-existing plans for genocide.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Marrus-37_196-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Marrus-37-196" title=""&gt;[197]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_versus_intentionalism" title="Functionalism versus intentionalism"&gt;Functionalist historians&lt;/a&gt; as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Browning" title="Christopher Browning"&gt;Christopher Browning&lt;/a&gt; have dismissed this interpretation under the grounds that if Hitler were serious with the intentions expressed in the “Prophecy Speech”, then why the thirty-month “stay of execution” between the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, and the opening of the first &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Vernichtungslager&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in late 1941.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Marrus-43_198-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Marrus-43-198" title=""&gt;[199]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In addition, Browning has pointed to the existence of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan"&gt;Madagascar Plan&lt;/a&gt; of 1940-41 and various other schemes as proof that there was no genocidal master plan.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Marrus-43_198-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Marrus-43-198" title=""&gt;[199]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In Browning’s opinion, the "Prophecy Speech" was merely an manifestation of bravado on Hitler’s part, and had little connection with actual unfolding of anti-Semitic policies.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Marrus-43_198-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Marrus-43-198" title=""&gt;[199]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;At least part of the reason why Hitler violated the Munich Agreement by seizing the Czech half of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 was to obtain Czechoslovak assets to help with the economic crisis.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-199" title=""&gt;[200]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Hitler ordered Germany's army to enter &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague" title="Prague"&gt;Prague&lt;/a&gt; on 15 March 1939, and from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle"&gt;Prague Castle&lt;/a&gt; proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia"&gt;protectorate&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As part of the anti-British course, it was deemed necessary by Hitler to have either Poland a satellite state or otherwise neutralized. Hitler believed this necessary on both strategic grounds as way of securing the Reich’s eastern flank and on economic grounds as a way of evading the effects of a British blockade.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-200" title=""&gt;[201]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Initially, the German hope was transform Poland into a satellite state, but by March 1939 when the German demands had been rejected by the Poles three times, which led Hitler to decide upon the destruction of Poland as the main German foreign policy goal of 1939.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg-537_201-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Weinberg-537-201" title=""&gt;[202]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the spring 1939, Hitler ordered &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Wei%C3%9F_%281939%29" title="Fall Weiß (1939)"&gt;Fall Weiss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Case White), the plans for a German invasion to be executed on 25 August 1939&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg-537_201-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Weinberg-537-201" title=""&gt;[202]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In August 1939, Hitler spoke to his generals that his original plan for 1939 had to “...establish a acceptable relationship with Poland in order to fight against the West” but since the Poles would not co-operate in setting up an “acceptable relationship” (i.e. becoming a German satellite), he believed he had no other choice other than wiping Poland off the map.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg-558_202-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Weinberg-558-202" title=""&gt;[203]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The historian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg"&gt;Gerhard Weinberg&lt;/a&gt; has argued since Hitler’s audience comprised men who were all for the destruction of Poland (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment"&gt;anti-Polish feelings&lt;/a&gt; were traditionally very strong in the German Army), but rather less happy about the prospect of war with Britain and France, if that was the price Germany had to pay for the destruction of Poland, it is quite likely that Hitler was speaking the truth on this occasion.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg-558_202-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Weinberg-558-202" title=""&gt;[203]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In his private discussions with his officials in 1939, Hitler always described Britain as the main enemy that had to be defeated, and in his view, Poland’s obliteration was the necessary prelude to that goal by securing the eastern flank and helpfully adding to Germany’s &lt;i&gt;Lebensraum&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-203" title=""&gt;[204]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As a pretext for aggression against Poland, Hitler claimed the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig"&gt;Free City of Danzig&lt;/a&gt; and the right for “extra-territorial” roads across the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor"&gt;Polish Corridor&lt;/a&gt; which Germany had unwillingly ceded under the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_treaty" title="Versailles treaty" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Versailles treaty&lt;/a&gt;. For Hitler, Danzig was just a pretext for aggression as the Sudetenland had been intended to be in 1938, and throughout 1939, while highlighting the Danzig issue as a grievance, the Germans always refused to engage in talks about the matter.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-204" title=""&gt;[205]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A notable contradiction existed in Hitler's plans between the long-term anti-British course, whose major instruments such as a vastly expanded &lt;i&gt;Kriegsmarine&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Luftwaffe&lt;/i&gt; that would take several years to complete, and Hitler's immediate foreign policy in 1939, which was likely to provoke a general war by engaging in such actions as attacking Poland.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-205" title=""&gt;[206]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-206" title=""&gt;[207]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler's dilemma between his short-term and long-term goals was resolved by Foreign Minister Ribbentrop who told Hitler that neither Britain nor France would honor their commitments to Poland, and any German-Polish war would accordingly be a limited regional war.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-207" title=""&gt;[208]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-208" title=""&gt;[209]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Ribbentrop based his appraisal partly on an alleged statement made to him by the French Foreign Minister &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet"&gt;Georges Bonnet&lt;/a&gt; in December 1938 that France now recognized Eastern Europe as Germany’s exclusive sphere of influence.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Ribben-210_209-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Ribben-210-209" title=""&gt;[210]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In addition, Ribbentrop's status as the former Ambassador to London made him in Hitler's eyes the leading Nazi British expert, and as a result, Ribbentrop's advice that Britain would not honor her commitments to Poland carried much weight with Hitler.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Ribben-210_209-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Ribben-210-209" title=""&gt;[210]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Ribbentrop only showed Hitler diplomatic cables that supported his analysis.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-210" title=""&gt;[211]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In addition, the German Ambassador in London, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Dirksen" title="Herbert von Dirksen"&gt;Herbert von Dirksen&lt;/a&gt; tended to sent reports that supported Ribbentrop's analysis such as a dispatch in August 1939 that reported Neville Chamberlain knew “the social structure of Britain, even the conception of the British Empire, would not survive the chaos of even a victorious war”, and so would back down.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-211" title=""&gt;[212]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The extent that Hitler was influenced by Ribbentrop’s advice can be seen in Hitler's orders to the German military on 21 August 1939 for a limited mobilization against Poland alone.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-212" title=""&gt;[213]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler chose late August as his date for &lt;i&gt;Fall Weiss&lt;/i&gt; in order to limit disruption to German agricultural production caused by mobilization.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-robertson_213-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-robertson-213" title=""&gt;[214]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The problems caused by the need to begin a campaign in Poland in late August or early September in order to have the campaign finished before the October rains arrived, and the need to have sufficient time to concentrate German troops on the Polish border left Hitler in a self-imposed situation in August 1939 where Soviet co-operation was absolutely crucial if he were to have a war that year.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-robertson_213-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-robertson-213" title=""&gt;[214]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Munich agreement appeared to be sufficient to dispel most of the remaining hold which the "collective security" idea may have had in Soviet circles,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-214" title=""&gt;[215]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and, on 23 August 1939, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin"&gt;Joseph Stalin&lt;/a&gt; accepted Hitler's proposal to conclude a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact"&gt;non-aggression pact&lt;/a&gt; (the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov-Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact&lt;/a&gt;), whose secret protocols contained an agreement to partition Poland. A major historical debate about the reasons for Hitler’s foreign policy choices in 1939 concerns whether a structural economic crisis drove Hitler into a “flight into war” as claimed by the Marxist historian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason"&gt;Timothy Mason&lt;/a&gt; or whether Hitler’s actions were more influenced by non-economic factors as claimed by the economic historian &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy"&gt;Richard Overy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-215" title=""&gt;[216]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Historians such as William Carr, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg"&gt;Gerhard Weinberg&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw"&gt;Ian Kershaw&lt;/a&gt; have argued that a non-economic reason for Hitler’s rush to war was due to Hitler’s morbid and obsessive fear of an early death, and hence his feeling that he did not have long to accomplish his work.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-216" title=""&gt;[217]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-217" title=""&gt;[218]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-218" title=""&gt;[219]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the last days of peace, Hitler oscillated between the determination to fight the Western powers if he had to, and various schemes intended to keep Britain out of the war, but in any case, Hitler was not to be deterred from his aim of invading Poland.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-219" title=""&gt;[220]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Only very briefly, when news of the Anglo-Polish alliance being signed on 25 August 1939 in response to the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (instead of the severing of ties between London and Warsaw predicated by Ribbentrop) together with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honor the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel"&gt;Pact of Steel&lt;/a&gt;, caused Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-220" title=""&gt;[221]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler chose to spend the last days of peace either trying to maneuver the British into neutrality through his offer of 25 August 1939 to “guarantee” the British Empire, or having Ribbentrop present a last-minute peace plan to Henderson with an impossibly short time limit for its acceptance as part of an effort to blame the war on the British and Poles.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-221" title=""&gt;[222]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-222" title=""&gt;[223]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On 1 September 1939, Germany &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Wei%C3%9F_%281939%29" title="Fall Weiß (1939)"&gt;invaded western Poland&lt;/a&gt;. Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September but did not immediately act. Not long after this, on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-223" title=""&gt;[224]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg" class="image" title="Adolf Hitler in Paris, 1940, with Albert Speer (left) and Arno Breker (right)"&gt;&lt;img alt="Adolf Hitler in Paris, 1940, with Albert Speer (left) and Arno Breker (right)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg/180px-Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="261" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Adolf Hitler in Paris, 1940, with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer"&gt;Albert Speer&lt;/a&gt; (left) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Breker" title="Arno Breker"&gt;Arno Breker&lt;/a&gt; (right)&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;table style="border-style: none; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: transparent;" class="cquote"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20"&gt;“&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Poland never will rise again in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic"&gt;form&lt;/a&gt; of the Versailles treaty. That is guaranteed not only by Germany, but also... Russia.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-224" title=""&gt;[225]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 36px; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20"&gt;”&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;cite style="font-size: smaller;"&gt;—Adolf Hitler in a public speech in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig" title="Danzig" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Danzig&lt;/a&gt; at the end of September 1939.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;After the fall of Poland came a period journalists called the "&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War"&gt;Phoney War&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;". In part of north-western Poland annexed to Germany, Hitler instructed the two &lt;i&gt;Gauleiters&lt;/i&gt; in charge of the area, namely &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster"&gt;Albert Forster&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser"&gt;Arthur Greiser&lt;/a&gt; to “Germanize” the area, and promised them "There would be no questions asked" about how this "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanization" title="Germanization" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Germanization&lt;/a&gt;" was to be accomplished.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-225" title=""&gt;[226]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler’s orders were interpreted in very different ways by Forster and Greiser. Forster followed a policy of simply having the local Poles sign forms stating they had German blood with no documention required, whereas Greiser carried out a brutual ethnic cleansing campaign of expelling the entire Polish population into the Government-General of Poland.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-226" title=""&gt;[227]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; When Greiser, seconded by Himmler complained to Hitler that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as “racial” Germans and thus "contaminating" German “racial purity” , and asked Hitler to order Forster to stop. Hitler merely told Himmler and Greiser to take up their difficulties with Forster, and not to involve him.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-227" title=""&gt;[228]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler’s handling of the Forster-Greiser dispute has often been advanced as an example of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw"&gt;Ian Kershaw&lt;/a&gt;'s theory of “Working Towards the Führer”, namely that Hitler issued vague instructions, and allowed his subordinates to work out policy on their own.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;After the conquest of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"&gt;Poland&lt;/a&gt;, another major dispute broke out between different fractions with one centering &lt;i&gt;Reichsfüherer&lt;/i&gt; SS &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler"&gt;Heinrich Himmler&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser"&gt;Arthur Greiser&lt;/a&gt; championing and carrying out ethnic cleansing schemes for Poland, and another centering around &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring"&gt;Hermann Göring&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank"&gt;Hans Frank&lt;/a&gt; calling for turning Poland into the "granary" of the &lt;i&gt;Reich&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rees-148_228-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Rees-148-228" title=""&gt;[229]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; At a conference held at Göring's Karinhall estate on 12 February, 1940, the dispute was settled in favor of the Göring-Frank view of economic exploitation, and ending mass expulsions as economically disruptive.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rees-148_228-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Rees-148-228" title=""&gt;[229]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On 15 May, 1940 Himmler showed Hitler a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", which called for expelling the entire Jewish population of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"&gt;Europe&lt;/a&gt; into &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"&gt;Africa&lt;/a&gt; and reducing the remainer of the Polish population to a “"leaderless laboring class"&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rees-148_228-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Rees-148-228" title=""&gt;[229]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Rees-148_228-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Rees-148-228" title=""&gt;[229]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler’s remark had the effect of scuttling the so-called Karinhall argreement, and led to the Himmler-Greiser viewpoint triumping as German policy for Poland.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;During this period, Hitler built up his forces on Germany's western frontier. In April 1940, German forces invaded &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"&gt;Norway&lt;/a&gt;. In May 1940, Hitler's forces attacked France, conquering the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"&gt;Luxembourg&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"&gt;Netherlands&lt;/a&gt; and Belgium in the process. France &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_%28military%29" title="Surrender (military)"&gt;surrendered&lt;/a&gt; on 22 June 1940. These victories persuaded Benito Mussolini of Italy to join the war on Hitler's side on 10 June 1940.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Britain, whose forces evacuated France by sea from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk,_France" title="Dunkirk, France" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Dunkirk&lt;/a&gt;, continued to fight alongside &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations"&gt;other British dominions&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_%281939%E2%80%931945%29" title="Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)"&gt;Battle of the Atlantic&lt;/a&gt;. After having his overtures for peace rejected by the British, now led by Winston Churchill, Hitler ordered &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_raid" title="Bombing raid" class="mw-redirect"&gt;bombing raids&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain"&gt;Battle of Britain&lt;/a&gt; was Hitler's prelude to a planned invasion. The attacks began by pounding &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force"&gt;Royal Air Force&lt;/a&gt; airbases and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar"&gt;radar&lt;/a&gt; stations protecting South-East England. However, the &lt;i&gt;Luftwaffe&lt;/i&gt; failed to defeat the Royal Air Force. On 27 September 1940, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty" title="Tripartite Treaty" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Tripartite Treaty&lt;/a&gt; was signed in Berlin by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saburo_Kurusu" title="Saburo Kurusu" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Saburo Kurusu&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japan" title="Imperial Japan" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Imperial Japan&lt;/a&gt;, Hitler, and Ciano. The purpose of the Tripartite treaty, which was directed against an unnamed power that was clearly meant to be the United States was to deter the Americans from supporting the British. It was later expanded to include Hungary, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"&gt;Romania&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"&gt;Bulgaria&lt;/a&gt;. They were collectively known as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Powers" title="Axis Powers" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Axis Powers&lt;/a&gt;. By the end of October 1940, air superiority for the invasion &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sealion" title="Operation Sealion"&gt;Operation Sealion&lt;/a&gt; could not be assured, and Hitler ordered the bombing of British cities, including London, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth"&gt;Plymouth&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry"&gt;Coventry&lt;/a&gt;, mostly at night.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Path_to_defeat" id="Path_to_defeat"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Path to defeat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 22 June 1941, three million German troops attacked the Soviet Union, breaking the non-aggression pact Hitler had concluded with Stalin two years earlier. This invasion, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa"&gt;Operation Barbarossa&lt;/a&gt;, seized huge amounts of territory, including the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region"&gt;Baltic&lt;/a&gt; states, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"&gt;Belarus&lt;/a&gt;, and Ukraine. It also encircled and destroyed many Soviet forces, which Stalin had ordered not to retreat. However, the Germans were stopped barely short of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow"&gt;Moscow&lt;/a&gt; in December 1941 by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_winter" title="Russian winter" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Russian winter&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow"&gt;fierce Soviet resistance&lt;/a&gt;. The invasion failed to achieve the quick triumph Hitler wanted.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler's declaration of war against the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt; on 11 December 1941, four days after the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"&gt;Empire of Japan&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor"&gt;attack on Pearl Harbor&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii"&gt;Hawaii&lt;/a&gt; and six days after Nazi Germany's closest approach to Moscow, set him against a coalition that included the world's largest empire (the British Empire), the world's greatest industrial and financial power (the United States), and the world's largest army (the Soviet Union).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg" class="image" title="Hitler, Mannerheim and Ryti in Finland in 1942"&gt;&lt;img alt="Hitler, Mannerheim and Ryti in Finland in 1942" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg/180px-Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="117" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Hitler, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim"&gt;Mannerheim&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti"&gt;Ryti&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"&gt;Finland&lt;/a&gt; in 1942&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein"&gt;second battle of El Alamein&lt;/a&gt;, thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal"&gt;Suez Canal&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East"&gt;Middle East&lt;/a&gt;. In February 1943, the titanic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad"&gt;Battle of Stalingrad&lt;/a&gt; ended with the destruction of the German &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Sixth_Army" title="German Sixth Army" class="mw-redirect"&gt;6th Army&lt;/a&gt;. Thereafter came the gigantic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk"&gt;Battle of Kursk&lt;/a&gt;. Hitler's military judgment became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated. Hitler's health was also deteriorating. His left hand trembled. The biographer Ian Kershaw and others believe that he may have suffered from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease"&gt;Parkinson's disease&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-229" title=""&gt;[230]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis"&gt;Syphilis&lt;/a&gt; has also been suspected as a cause of at least some of his symptoms, although the evidence is slight.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull717_230-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull717-230" title=""&gt;[231]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Following the allied invasion of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily"&gt;Sicily&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Husky" title="Operation Husky" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Operation Husky&lt;/a&gt;) in 1943, Mussolini was deposed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio"&gt;Pietro Badoglio&lt;/a&gt;, who surrendered to the Allies. Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29" title="Eastern Front (World War II)"&gt;Eastern Front&lt;/a&gt;. On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in what was one of the largest &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare"&gt;amphibious&lt;/a&gt; operations in history, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"&gt;Operation Overlord&lt;/a&gt;. Realists in the German army knew defeat was inevitable, and some plotted to remove Hitler from power. In July 1944, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Claus von Stauffenberg&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot"&gt;planted a bomb&lt;/a&gt; in Hitler's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Headquarters" title="Führer Headquarters"&gt;Führer Headquarters&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsschanze" title="Wolfsschanze"&gt;Wolfsschanze&lt;/a&gt; (Wolf's Lair) at &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastenburg" title="Rastenburg" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Rastenburg&lt;/a&gt;, but Hitler narrowly escaped death. He ordered savage reprisals, resulting in the executions of more than 4,900 people,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-231" title=""&gt;[232]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; sometimes by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation"&gt;starvation&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement"&gt;solitary confinement&lt;/a&gt; followed by slow &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangulation" title="Strangulation" class="mw-redirect"&gt;strangulation&lt;/a&gt;. The main resistance movement was destroyed, although smaller isolated groups continued to operate.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Defeat_and_death" id="Defeat_and_death"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Defeat and death&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler"&gt;Death of Adolf Hitler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;By late 1944, the Red Army had driven the Germans back into Central Europe and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allies" title="Western Allies"&gt;Western Allies&lt;/a&gt; were advancing into Germany. Hitler realized that Germany had lost the war, but allowed no retreats. He hoped to negotiate a separate peace with America and Britain, a hope buoyed by the death of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"&gt;Franklin D. Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt; on 12 April 1945.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-232" title=""&gt;[233]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-233" title=""&gt;[234]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-234" title=""&gt;[235]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-235" title=""&gt;[236]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler's stubbornness and defiance of military realities also allowed the Holocaust to continue. He also ordered the complete destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands, saying that Germany's failure to win the war forfeited its right to survive.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull774.E2.80.93775_236-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull774.E2.80.93775-236" title=""&gt;[237]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Rather, Hitler decided that the entire nation should go down with him. Execution of this &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth"&gt;scorched earth&lt;/a&gt; plan was entrusted to arms minister &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer"&gt;Albert Speer&lt;/a&gt;, who disobeyed the order.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull774.E2.80.93775_236-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull774.E2.80.93775-236" title=""&gt;[237]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In April 1945, Soviet forces attacked the outskirts of Berlin. Hitler's followers urged him to flee to the mountains of Bavaria to make a last stand in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Redoubt" title="National Redoubt" class="mw-redirect"&gt;National Redoubt&lt;/a&gt;. But Hitler was determined to either live or die in the capital.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:19450420_Hitler_65bd_awards_HJ_Iron_Cross.jpg" class="image" title="20 April 1945. Hitler awards the Iron Cross to Hitler Youth outside his bunker."&gt;&lt;img alt="20 April 1945. Hitler awards the Iron Cross to Hitler Youth outside his bunker." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/19450420_Hitler_65bd_awards_HJ_Iron_Cross.jpg/180px-19450420_Hitler_65bd_awards_HJ_Iron_Cross.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="124" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:19450420_Hitler_65bd_awards_HJ_Iron_Cross.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 20 April 1945. Hitler awards the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross"&gt;Iron Cross&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth"&gt;Hitler Youth&lt;/a&gt; outside his bunker.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 20 April, Hitler celebrated his 56th birthday in the "Führer's shelter" (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker"&gt;Führerbunker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) below the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery"&gt;Reich Chancellery&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Reichskanzlei&lt;/i&gt;). The garrison commander of the besieged "fortress Breslau" (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festung_Breslau" title="Festung Breslau" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Festung Breslau&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Niehoff" title="Hermann Niehoff"&gt;Hermann Niehoff&lt;/a&gt;, had chocolates distributed to his troops in honor of Hitler's birthday.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-237" title=""&gt;[238]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;By 21 April, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Zhukov" title="Georgi Zhukov" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Georgi Zhukov&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front" title="1st Belorussian Front"&gt;1st Belorussian Front&lt;/a&gt; had broken through the defenses of German General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Heinrici" title="Gotthard Heinrici"&gt;Gotthard Heinrici&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula"&gt;Army Group Vistula&lt;/a&gt; during the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Seelow_Heights" title="Battle of the Seelow Heights"&gt;Battle of the Seelow Heights&lt;/a&gt;. The Soviets were now advancing towards Hitler's bunker with little to stop them. Ignoring the facts, Hitler saw salvation in the ragtag units commanded by General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Steiner" title="Felix Steiner"&gt;Felix Steiner&lt;/a&gt;. Steiner's command became known as "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Detachment_Steiner" title="Army Detachment Steiner"&gt;Army Detachment Steiner&lt;/a&gt;" (&lt;i&gt;Armeeabteilung Steiner&lt;/i&gt;). But "Army Detachment Steiner" existed primarily on paper. It was something more than a corps but less than an army. Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the huge &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets"&gt;salient&lt;/a&gt; created by the breakthrough of Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front. Meanwhile, the German &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Army_%28Germany%29" title="Ninth Army (Germany)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ninth Army&lt;/a&gt;, which had been pushed south of the salient, was ordered to attack north in a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincer_attack" title="Pincer attack" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pincer attack&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Late on 21 April, Heinrici called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Krebs" title="Hans Krebs"&gt;Hans Krebs&lt;/a&gt; chief of the Supreme Army Command (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres"&gt;Oberkommando des Heeres&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; or OKH) and told him that Hitler's plan could not be implemented. Heinrici asked to speak to Hitler but was told by Krebs that Hitler was too busy to take his call.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 22 April, during one of his last military conferences, Hitler interrupted the report to ask what had happened to General Steiner's offensive. There was a long silence. Then Hitler was told that the attack had never been launched, and that the withdrawal from Berlin of several units for Steiner's army, on Hitler's orders, had so weakened the front that the Russians had broken through into Berlin. Hitler asked everyone except Wilhelm Keitel, Hans Krebs, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl"&gt;Alfred Jodl&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Burgdorf" title="Wilhelm Burgdorf"&gt;Wilhelm Burgdorf&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann"&gt;Martin Bormann&lt;/a&gt; to leave the room,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Dollinger-231_238-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Dollinger-231-238" title=""&gt;[239]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and launched a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his commanders. This culminated in an oath to stay in Berlin, head up the defense of the city, and shoot himself at the end.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-239" title=""&gt;[240]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Before the day ended, Hitler again found salvation in a new plan that included General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Wenck" title="Walther Wenck"&gt;Walther Wenck&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Army_%28Germany%29" title="Twelfth Army (Germany)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Twelfth Army&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull784_240-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull784-240" title=""&gt;[241]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This new plan had Wenck turn his army—currently facing the Americans to the west—and attack towards the east to relieve Berlin.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull784_240-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull784-240" title=""&gt;[241]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Twelfth Army was to link up with Ninth Army and break through to the city. Wenck did attack and, in the confusion, managed to make temporary contact with the Potsdam garrison. But the link with the Ninth Army, like the plan in general, was ultimately unsuccessful.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-241" title=""&gt;[242]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 23 April, Joseph Goebbels made the following proclamation to the people of Berlin:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;I call on you to fight for your city. Fight with everything you have got, for the sake of your wives and your children, your mothers and your parents. Your arms are defending everything we have ever held dear, and all the generations that will come after us. Be proud and courageous! Be inventive and cunning! Your &lt;i&gt;Gauleiter&lt;/i&gt; is amongst you. He and his colleagues will remain in your midst. His wife and children are here as well. He, who once captured the city with 200 men, will now use every means to galvanize the defense of the capital. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Berlin" title="Battle for Berlin" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Battle for Berlin&lt;/a&gt; must become the signal for the whole nation to rise up in battle...&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Dollinger-231_238-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Dollinger-231-238" title=""&gt;[239]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;Also on 23 April, second in command of the Third Reich and commander of the &lt;i&gt;Luftwaffe&lt;/i&gt; Hermann Göring sent a telegram from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden"&gt;Berchtesgaden&lt;/a&gt; in Bavaria. Göring argued that, since Hitler was cut off in Berlin, he should assume leadership of Germany as Hitler's designated successor. Göring mentioned a time limit after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull787_242-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull787-242" title=""&gt;[243]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler responded, in anger, by having Göring arrested, and when he wrote his will on 29 April, Göring was removed from all his positions in the government.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull787_242-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull787-242" title=""&gt;[243]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull795_243-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull795-243" title=""&gt;[244]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-244" title=""&gt;[245]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;By the end of the day on 27 April Berlin was completely cut off from the rest of Germany.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 28 April, Hitler discovered that &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"&gt;SS&lt;/a&gt; leader Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Allies (through the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"&gt;Swedish&lt;/a&gt; diplomat Count &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte" title="Folke Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Folke Bernadotte&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-245" title=""&gt;[246]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest and had Himmler's representative in Berlin &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein" title="Hermann Fegelein"&gt;Hermann Fegelein&lt;/a&gt; shot.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-246" title=""&gt;[247]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull795_243-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull795-243" title=""&gt;[244]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front. Wenck noted that no further attacks towards Berlin were possible. General Alfred Jodl (Supreme Army Command) did not provide this information to Hans Krebs in Berlin until early in the morning of 30 April.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stars_%26_Stripes_%26_Hitler_Dead2.jpg" class="image" title="Cover of US military newspaper The Stars and Stripes, May 1945"&gt;&lt;img alt="Cover of US military newspaper The Stars and Stripes, May 1945" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stars_%26_Stripes_%26_Hitler_Dead2.jpg/180px-Stars_%26_Stripes_%26_Hitler_Dead2.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="264" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stars_%26_Stripes_%26_Hitler_Dead2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Cover of US military newspaper &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_%28newspaper%29" title="Stars and Stripes (newspaper)"&gt;The Stars and Stripes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, May 1945&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 29 April, Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf, Joseph Goebbels, and Martin Bormann witnessed and signed the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler"&gt;last will and testament of Adolf Hitler&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull795_243-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull795-243" title=""&gt;[244]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler dictated the document to his private secretary, Traudl Junge.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-247" title=""&gt;[248]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler was also that day informed of the violent death of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini on 28 April, which is presumed to have increased his determination to avoid capture.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-248" title=""&gt;[249]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 30 April 1945, after intense &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare"&gt;street-to-street combat&lt;/a&gt;, when Soviet troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellory, Hitler committed suicide, shooting himself in the mouth while simultaneously biting into a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide"&gt;cyanide&lt;/a&gt; capsule.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull799.E2.80.93800_249-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull799.E2.80.93800-249" title=""&gt;[250]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-250" title=""&gt;[251]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler's body and that of Eva Braun (his mistress whom he had married the day before) were put in a bomb crater,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-251" title=""&gt;[252]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-252" title=""&gt;[253]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; doused in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline"&gt;gasoline&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_G%C3%BCnsche" title="Otto Günsche"&gt;Otto Günsche&lt;/a&gt; and other Führerbunker aides, and set alight as the Red Army advanced and shelling continued.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull799.E2.80.93800_249-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull799.E2.80.93800-249" title=""&gt;[250]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 2 May, Berlin surrendered. In the postwar years there were conflicting reports about what happened to Hitler's remains. After the fall of the Soviet Union, however, it was revealed from records in the Soviet archives that the bodies of Hitler, Eva Braun, Joseph and Magda Goebbels, the six &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goebbels_children" title="Goebbels children"&gt;Goebbels children&lt;/a&gt;, General &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Krebs_%28general%29" title="Hans Krebs (general)"&gt;Hans Krebs&lt;/a&gt; and Hitler's dogs, were secretly buried in graves near &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathenow" title="Rathenow"&gt;Rathenow&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg"&gt;Brandenburg&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-253" title=""&gt;[254]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1970, the remains were disinterred, cremated and scattered in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_River" title="Elbe River" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Elbe River&lt;/a&gt; by the Soviets.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-254" title=""&gt;[255]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;According to the Russian Federal Security Service, a fragment of human skull stored in its archives and displayed to the public in a 2000 exhibition came from the remains of Hitler's body and is all that remains of Hitler. The authenticity of the skull has been challenged by many historians and researchers.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-BBCskull_255-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-BBCskull-255" title=""&gt;[256]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Legacy" id="Legacy"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Legacy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;span class="boilerplate further"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Further information: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequences_of_German_Nazism" title="Consequences of German Nazism"&gt;Consequences of German Nazism&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism"&gt;Neo-Nazism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mahnstein.JPG" class="image" title="Outside the building in Braunau am Inn, Austria where Adolf Hitler was born is a memorial stone warning of the horrors of World War II"&gt;&lt;img alt="Outside the building in Braunau am Inn, Austria where Adolf Hitler was born is a memorial stone warning of the horrors of World War II" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mahnstein.JPG/180px-Mahnstein.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="135" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mahnstein.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Outside the building in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunau_am_Inn" title="Braunau am Inn"&gt;Braunau am Inn&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"&gt;Austria&lt;/a&gt; where Adolf Hitler was born is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_birthplace_memorial_stone" title="Hitler birthplace memorial stone"&gt;memorial stone&lt;/a&gt; warning of the horrors of World War II&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler, the Nazi Party and the results of Nazism are typically regarded as immoral. Historians, philosophers, and politicians have often used the word &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil" title="Evil"&gt;evil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; in both a secular sense of the word and in a religious sense. Historical and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_in_popular_culture" title="Hitler in popular culture" class="mw-redirect"&gt;cultural portrayals of Hitler&lt;/a&gt; in the west are overwhelmingly condemnatory. The display of swastikas or other &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism"&gt;Nazi symbols&lt;/a&gt; is prohibited in Germany and Austria. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial"&gt;Holocaust denial&lt;/a&gt; is prohibited in both countries.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Outside of Hitler's birthplace in Braunau am Inn, Austria is a stone marker engraved with the following message:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;b&gt;Für Frieden Freiheit&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;b&gt;Und Demokratie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nie wieder Faschismus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;b&gt;Millionen Tote mahnen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Loosely translated, it reads: "For peace, freedom and democracy — never again fascism — millions dead serve as a reminder."&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;However, some people have referred to Hitler's legacy in neutral or favourable terms. Former &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"&gt;Egyptian&lt;/a&gt; President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_El_Sadat" title="Anwar El Sadat"&gt;Anwar El Sadat&lt;/a&gt; spoke of his 'admiration' of Hitler in 1953, when he was a young man, though it is possible he was speaking in the context of a rebellion against the British Empire.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-256" title=""&gt;[257]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan"&gt;Louis Farrakhan&lt;/a&gt; has referred to him as a "very great man".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-257" title=""&gt;[258]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Thackeray" title="Bal Thackeray"&gt;Bal Thackeray&lt;/a&gt;, leader of the right-wing Hindu &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena" title="Shiv Sena"&gt;Shiv Sena&lt;/a&gt; party in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"&gt;Indian&lt;/a&gt; state of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra"&gt;Maharashtra&lt;/a&gt;, declared in 1995 that he was an admirer of Hitler.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-258" title=""&gt;[259]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Friedrich Meinecke, the German historian quotes of Hitler, "It is one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-259" title=""&gt;[260]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Religious_beliefs" id="Religious_beliefs"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Religious beliefs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_religious_beliefs" title="Adolf Hitler's religious beliefs"&gt;Adolf Hitler's religious beliefs&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity"&gt;Positive Christianity&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Mysticism" title="Nazi Mysticism" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Nazi Mysticism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler was raised by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church"&gt;Roman Catholic&lt;/a&gt; parents, but after he left home, he never attended &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_%28liturgy%29" title="Mass (liturgy)"&gt;Mass&lt;/a&gt; or received the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church"&gt;sacraments&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-260" title=""&gt;[261]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler often praised &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity"&gt;Christian&lt;/a&gt; heritage, German Christian culture, and professed a belief in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ" title="Jesus Christ" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Jesus Christ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-261" title=""&gt;[262]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In his speeches and publications Hitler spoke of Christianity as a central motivation for his antisemitism, stating that "As a Christian I have no duty to allow myself to be cheated, but I have the duty to be a fighter for truth and justice."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-262" title=""&gt;[263]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-263" title=""&gt;[264]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His private statements, as reported by his intimates, are more mixed, showing Hitler as a religious man but critical of traditional Christianity.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull389_264-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull389-264" title=""&gt;[265]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, in contrast to early Nazi ideologues, Hitler did not adhere to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric" title="Esoteric" class="mw-redirect"&gt;esoteric&lt;/a&gt; ideas, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultism" title="Occultism" class="mw-redirect"&gt;occultism&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy"&gt;Ariosophy&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull389_264-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull389-264" title=""&gt;[265]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and ridiculed such beliefs in &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann-passim_265-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Steigmann-passim-265" title=""&gt;[266]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-266" title=""&gt;[267]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Rather, Hitler advocated a "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity"&gt;Positive Christianity&lt;/a&gt;",&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Steigmann-passim_265-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-Steigmann-passim-265" title=""&gt;[266]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-267" title=""&gt;[268]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; a belief system purged from what he objected to in traditional Christianity, and which reinvented &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus"&gt;Jesus&lt;/a&gt; as a fighter against the Jews.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler believed in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau"&gt;Arthur de Gobineau&lt;/a&gt;'s ideas of struggle for survival between the different races, among which the "Aryan race"—guided by "Providence"—was supposed to be the torchbearers of civilization. In Hitler's conception Jews were enemies of all civilization.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler, despite his native Catholicism, favored aspects of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism"&gt;Protestantism&lt;/a&gt; if they were more amenable to his own objectives. At the same time, he adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organization, liturgy and phraseology in his politics.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-268" title=""&gt;[269]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-269" title=""&gt;[270]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler expressed admiration for the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim"&gt;Muslim&lt;/a&gt; military tradition. According to one confidant, Hitler stated in private, "The Mohammedan religion too would have been much more compatible to us than Christianity. Why did it have to be Christianity with its meekness and flabbiness..."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-270" title=""&gt;[271]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Health_and_sexuality" id="Health_and_sexuality"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Health and sexuality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Health" id="Health"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Health&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_medical_health" title="Adolf Hitler's medical health"&gt;Adolf Hitler's medical health&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Vegetarianism of Adolf Hitler"&gt;Vegetarianism of Adolf Hitler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler's health has long been the subject of debate. He has variously been said to have suffered from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome"&gt;irritable bowel syndrome&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_lesion" title="Skin lesion"&gt;skin lesions&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_heartbeat" title="Irregular heartbeat" class="mw-redirect"&gt;irregular heartbeat&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease"&gt;Parkinson's disease&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull717_230-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull717-230" title=""&gt;[231]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis"&gt;syphilis&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bull717_230-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-bull717-230" title=""&gt;[231]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and a strongly suggested addiction to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine"&gt;methamphetamine&lt;/a&gt;. One film exists that shows his left hand trembling, which might suggest Parkinson's.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-271" title=""&gt;[272]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Another film, to which words have been added using &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Lip_Reading" title="Automated Lip Reading"&gt;lip-reading technology&lt;/a&gt;, shows him complaining of his arm shaking.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-272" title=""&gt;[273]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Beyond these accounts, however, the evidence is sparse.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;After the early 1930s, Hitler generally followed a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian" title="Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect"&gt;vegetarian&lt;/a&gt; diet, although he ate meat on occasion. There are reports of him disgusting his guests by giving them graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make them shun meat.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-273" title=""&gt;[274]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A fear of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer"&gt;cancer&lt;/a&gt; (from which his mother died) is the most widely cited reason, though many authors also assert Hitler had a profound and deep love of animals. Martin Bormann had a greenhouse constructed for him near the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghof_%28Hitler%29" title="Berghof (Hitler)"&gt;Berghof&lt;/a&gt; (near &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden"&gt;Berchtesgaden&lt;/a&gt;) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler throughout the war. Photographs of Bormann's children tending the greenhouse survive and, by 2005, its foundations were among the only ruins visible in the area that was associated with Nazi leaders.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler was a non-smoker and promoted aggressive anti-smoking campaigns throughout Germany. He reportedly promised a gold watch to any of his close associates who quit (and gave a few away). Several witness accounts relate that, immediately after his suicide was confirmed, many officers, aides, and secretaries in the Führerbunker lit cigarettes.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-274" title=""&gt;[275]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Sexuality" id="Sexuality"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Sexuality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_sexuality" title="Adolf Hitler's sexuality"&gt;Adolf Hitler's sexuality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler presented himself publicly as a man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;He had a fiancée, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimi_Reiter" title="Mimi Reiter" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mimi Reiter&lt;/a&gt; in the 1920s, and later had a mistress, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun"&gt;Eva Braun&lt;/a&gt;. He had a close bond with his half-niece &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geli_Raubal" title="Geli Raubal"&gt;Geli Raubal&lt;/a&gt;, which some commentators have claimed was sexual, though there is no evidence that proves this.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-275" title=""&gt;[276]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; All three women attempted suicide (two succeeded), a fact that has led to speculation that Hitler may have had sexual fetishes, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia"&gt;urolagnia&lt;/a&gt;, as was claimed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser"&gt;Otto Strasser&lt;/a&gt;, a political opponent of Hitler. Reiter, the only one to survive the Nazi regime, denied this.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-276" title=""&gt;[277]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; During the war and afterwards &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis"&gt;psychoanalysts&lt;/a&gt; offered numerous inconsistent psycho-sexual explanations of his pathology.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-277" title=""&gt;[278]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Some theorists have claimed that Hitler had a relationship with British fascist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford"&gt;Unity Mitford&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-278" title=""&gt;[279]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; More recently, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Machtan" title="Lothar Machtan"&gt;Lothar Machtan&lt;/a&gt; has argued in his book, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hidden_Hitler" title="The Hidden Hitler"&gt;The Hidden Hitler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, that Hitler was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual" title="Homosexual" class="mw-redirect"&gt;homosexual&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Family" id="Family"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Family&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_%28disambiguation%29" title="Hitler (disambiguation)"&gt;Hitler (disambiguation)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Paula Hitler, the last living member of Adolf Hitler's immediate family, died in 1960.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The most prominent and longest-living direct descendants of Adolf Hitler's father, Alois, was Adolf's nephew &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Patrick_Hitler" title="William Patrick Hitler"&gt;William Patrick Hitler&lt;/a&gt;. With his wife Phyllis, he eventually moved to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York" title="Long Island, New York" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Long Island&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York"&gt;New York&lt;/a&gt;, and had four sons. None of William Hitler's children have yet had any children of their own.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Over the years various investigative reporters have attempted to track down other distant relatives of the Führer; many are now alleged to be living inconspicuous lives and have long since changed their last name.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitlerfamilytree.png" class="image" title="Adolf Hitler's genealogy"&gt;&lt;img alt="Adolf Hitler's genealogy" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hitlerfamilytree.png/180px-Hitlerfamilytree.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="121" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitlerfamilytree.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Adolf Hitler's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy"&gt;genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler" title="Alois Hitler"&gt;Alois Hitler&lt;/a&gt;, father&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler,_Jr." title="Alois Hitler, Jr."&gt;Alois Hitler, Jr.&lt;/a&gt;, half-brother&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Hitler" title="Angela Hitler"&gt;Angela Hitler Raubal&lt;/a&gt;, half-sister&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Dowling" title="Bridget Dowling"&gt;Bridget Dowling&lt;/a&gt;, sister-in-law&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun"&gt;Eva Braun&lt;/a&gt;, mistress and then wife&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geli_Raubal" title="Geli Raubal"&gt;Geli Raubal&lt;/a&gt;, niece&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Hitler" title="Heinz Hitler"&gt;Heinz Hitler&lt;/a&gt;, nephew&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein" title="Hermann Fegelein"&gt;Hermann Fegelein&lt;/a&gt;, brother-in-law through Hitler's marriage to Eva Braun&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hiedler" title="Johann Georg Hiedler"&gt;Johann Georg Hiedler&lt;/a&gt;, presumed grandfather&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hiedler" title="Johann Nepomuk Hiedler"&gt;Johann Nepomuk Hiedler&lt;/a&gt;, maternal great-grandfather, presumed great uncle and possibly Hitler's true paternal grandfather&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klara_Hitler" title="Klara Hitler"&gt;Klara Hitler&lt;/a&gt;, mother&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Schicklgruber" title="Maria Schicklgruber"&gt;Maria Schicklgruber&lt;/a&gt;, grandmother&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Hitler" title="Paula Hitler"&gt;Paula Hitler&lt;/a&gt;, sister&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Patrick_Hitler" title="William Patrick Hitler"&gt;William Patrick Hitler&lt;/a&gt;, nephew&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Hitler_in_media" id="Hitler_in_media"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Hitler in media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt; &lt;div id="ogg_player_1" style="width: 180px;"&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Adolf_Hitler_at_Berchtesgaden.ogg" class="image" title="Video of Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden"&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Adolf_Hitler_at_Berchtesgaden.ogg/seek%3D3-Adolf_Hitler_at_Berchtesgaden.ogg.jpg" alt="Video of Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden" height="130" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;button onclick="'wgOggPlayer.init(false," style="width: 180px; text-align: center;" title="Play video"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/OggHandler/play.png" alt="Play video" height="22" width="22" /&gt;&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Adolf_Hitler_at_Berchtesgaden.ogg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Video of Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt;&lt;span class="boilerplate seealso"&gt;&lt;i&gt;See also: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_in_popular_culture" title="Hitler in popular culture" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Hitler in popular culture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Oratory_and_rallies" id="Oratory_and_rallies"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Oratory and rallies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler_speeches" title="List of Adolf Hitler speeches" class="mw-redirect"&gt;List of Adolf Hitler speeches&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler was a gifted &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orator" title="Orator"&gt;orator&lt;/a&gt; who captivated many with his beating of the lectern and growling, emotional speech. He honed his skills by giving speeches to soldiers during 1919 and 1920. He became adept at telling people what they wanted to hear (the stab-in-the-back, the Jewish-Marxist plot to conquer the world, and the betrayal of Germany in the Versailles treaty) and identifying a scapegoat for their plight. Over time Hitler perfected his delivery by rehearsing in front of mirrors and carefully choreographing his display of emotions. He was coached by a self-styled clairvoyant who focused on hand and arm gestures. Munitions minister and architect &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer"&gt;Albert Speer&lt;/a&gt;, who may have known Hitler as well as anyone, said that Hitler was above all else an actor.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-279" title=""&gt;[280]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-280" title=""&gt;[281]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Massive Nazi rallies staged by Speer were designed to spark a process of self-persuasion for the participants. By participating in the rallies, by marching, by shouting heil, and by making the stiff armed salute, the participants strengthened their commitment to the Nazi movement. This process can be appreciated by watching &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl"&gt;Leni Riefenstahl&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;i&gt;Triumph of the Will&lt;/i&gt;, which presents the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. The camera shoots Hitler from on high and from below, but only twice head-on. These camera angles give Hitler a Christ-like aura. Some of the people in the film are paid actors, but most of the participants are not. Whether the film itself recruited new Nazis out of theater audiences is unknown. The process of self-persuasion may have affected Hitler. He gave the same speech (though it got smoother and smoother with repetition) hundreds of times first to soldiers and then to audiences in beer halls. These performances may have made his hatreds more intense, especially his all-consuming hatred of the Jews.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_Mannerheim.png" class="image" title="Hitler and  Baron Mannerheim (June 1942)"&gt;&lt;img alt="Hitler and  Baron Mannerheim (June 1942)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hitler_Mannerheim.png/180px-Hitler_Mannerheim.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="264" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_Mannerheim.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Hitler and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim"&gt;Baron Mannerheim&lt;/a&gt; (June 1942)&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Recorded_in_private_conversation" id="Recorded_in_private_conversation"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Recorded in private conversation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler visited Finnish &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal" title="Field Marshal"&gt;Field Marshal&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim"&gt;Mannerheim&lt;/a&gt; on 4 June 1942. During the visit an engineer of the Finnish broadcasting company &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YLE" title="YLE"&gt;YLE&lt;/a&gt;, Thor Damen, recorded Hitler and Mannerheim in conversation, something which had to be done secretly since Hitler never allowed recordings of him off-guard.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-281" title=""&gt;[282]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Today the recording is the only known recording of Hitler not speaking in an official tone. The recording captures 11 and a half minutes of the two leaders in private conversation.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-282" title=""&gt;[283]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Hitler speaks in a slightly excited, but still intellectually detached manner during this talk (the speech has been compared to that of the working class). The majority of the recording is a monologue by Hitler. In the recording, Hitler admits to underestimating the Soviet Union's ability to conduct war (some English transcripts exist).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Patria_picture_disc" id="Patria_picture_disc"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Patria&lt;/i&gt; picture disc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Adolf Hitler even released a 7" &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_disc" title="Picture disc" class="mw-redirect"&gt;picture disc&lt;/a&gt; with one of his speeches. Known as the '&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland" title="Fatherland"&gt;Patria&lt;/a&gt;' (&lt;i&gt;Fatherland&lt;/i&gt;) picture disc, the obverse bears an image of Hitler giving a speech and has a recording of both a speech by Hitler and also Party Member Hans Hinkel. The reverse bears a hand holding a swastika flag and the Carl Woitschach recording (1933 - Telefunken A 1431) 'In Dem Kampf um die Heimat — Faschistenmarsch'.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Documentaries_during_the_Third_Reich" id="Documentaries_during_the_Third_Reich"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Documentaries during the Third Reich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler appeared in and was involved to varying degrees with a series of films by the pioneering filmmaker &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl"&gt;Leni Riefenstahl&lt;/a&gt; via &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG"&gt;Universum Film AG&lt;/a&gt; (UFA):&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Sieg_des_Glaubens" title="Der Sieg des Glaubens"&gt;Der Sieg des Glaubens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Victory of Faith&lt;/i&gt;, 1933).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will"&gt;Triumph des Willens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Triumph of the Will&lt;/i&gt;, 1934), co-produced by Hitler.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht"&gt;Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces&lt;/i&gt;, 1935).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_%281938_film%29" title="Olympia (1938 film)"&gt;Olympia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1938).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler was the central figure of the first three films; they focused on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_rally" title="Nuremberg rally" class="mw-redirect"&gt;party rallies&lt;/a&gt; of the respective years and are considered propaganda films. Hitler also featured prominently in the &lt;i&gt;Olympia&lt;/i&gt; film. Whether the latter is a propaganda film or a true documentary is still a subject of controversy, but it nonetheless perpetuated and spread the propagandistic message of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Olympic_Games" title="1936 Olympic Games" class="mw-redirect"&gt;1936 Olympic Games&lt;/a&gt; depicting Nazi Germany as a prosperous and peaceful country.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-283" title=""&gt;[284]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As a prominent politician, Hitler was also featured in many &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel"&gt;newsreels&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Television" id="Television"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Television&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hitler's attendance at various public functions, including the 1936 Olympic Games and Nuremberg Rallies, appeared on television broadcasts made between 1935 and 1939. These events, along with other programming highlighting activity by public officials, were often repeated in public viewing rooms. Samples from a number of surviving television films from Nazi Germany were included in the 1999 documentary &lt;i&gt;Das Fernsehen unter dem Hakenkreuz (Television Under the Swastika)&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Documentaries_post_Third_Reich" id="Documentaries_post_Third_Reich"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Documentaries post Third Reich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_at_War" title="The World at War"&gt;The World at War&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1974) — a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television"&gt;Thames Television&lt;/a&gt; series which contains much information about Hitler and Nazi Germany, including an interview with his secretary, Traudl Junge.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Adolf Hitler's Last Days&lt;/i&gt; — from the BBC series "Secrets of World War II" tells the story about Hitler's last days during World War II.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Nazis: A Warning From History&lt;/i&gt; (1997) — 6-part BBC TV series on how the cultured and educated Germans accepted Hitler and the Nazis up to its downfall. Historical consultant is Ian Kershaw.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_toten_Winkel" title="Im toten Winkel"&gt;Im toten Winkel - Hitlers Sekretärin&lt;/a&gt; (Blind Spot: Hitler's Secretary)&lt;/i&gt; (2002) — an exclusive 90 minute interview with Traudl Junge, Hitler's secretary. Made by Austrian Jewish director André Heller shortly before Junge's death from lung cancer, Junge recalls the last days in the Berlin bunker. Clips of the interview were used in &lt;i&gt;Downfall&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architecture_of_Doom" title="The Architecture of Doom"&gt;Undergångens arkitektur&lt;/a&gt; (The Architecture of Doom)&lt;/i&gt; (1989) — documentary about the National Socialist aesthetic as envisioned by Hitler.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Das Fernsehen unter dem Hakenkreuz (Television Under the Swastika)&lt;/i&gt; (1999) — documentary by Michael Kloft about the domestic use of television in Nazi Germany for propaganda purposes from 1935 to 1944.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Dramatizations" id="Dramatizations"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Dramatizations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler:_The_Last_Ten_Days" title="Hitler: The Last Ten Days"&gt;Hitler: The Last Ten Days&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1973) — movie depicting the days leading up to Adolf Hitler's death, starring Sir &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness"&gt;Alec Guinness&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bunker" title="The Bunker"&gt;The Bunker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1978) — movie describing the last days in the Führerbunker from 17 January 1945 to 2 March 1945. Made into the TV movie &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bunker_%281981_film%29" title="The Bunker (1981 film)"&gt;The Bunker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1981), starring &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins"&gt;Anthony Hopkins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_%28film%29" title="Max (film)"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Max&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (2002) — fictional &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_movie" title="Drama movie" class="mw-redirect"&gt;drama&lt;/a&gt; depicting a friendship between Jewish art dealer Max Rothman (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cusack" title="John Cusack"&gt;John Cusack&lt;/a&gt;) and a young Adolf Hitler (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Taylor" title="Noah Taylor"&gt;Noah Taylor&lt;/a&gt;) as a failed painter in Vienna.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler:_The_Rise_of_Evil" title="Hitler: The Rise of Evil"&gt;Hitler: The Rise of Evil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (2003) — two-part TV series about the early years of Adolf Hitler and his rise to power (up to 1933), starring &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carlyle" title="Robert Carlyle"&gt;Robert Carlyle&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Untergang" title="Der Untergang" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Der Untergang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(Downfall)&lt;/i&gt; (2004) — German movie about the last days of Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich, starring &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Ganz" title="Bruno Ganz"&gt;Bruno Ganz&lt;/a&gt;. This film is partly based on the autobiography of Traudl Junge, a favorite secretary of Hitler's. In 2002, Junge said she felt great guilt for "...liking the greatest criminal ever to have lived."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Syberberg" title="Hans-Jürgen Syberberg"&gt;Hans-Jürgen Syberberg&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;i&gt;Hitler — Ein Film aus Deutschland&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler:_A_Film_from_Germany" title="Hitler: A Film from Germany"&gt;Hitler: A Film from Germany&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; (1977) — a seven-hour work in four parts. The director uses documentary clips, photographic backgrounds, puppets, theatrical stages, and other elements.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_note-284" title=""&gt;[285]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empty_Mirror" title="The Empty Mirror"&gt;The Empty Mirror&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1996) — fictional &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama"&gt;psychodrama&lt;/a&gt; which speculates on the events following Hitler surviving the fall of Nazi Germany. He is portrayed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rodway" title="Norman Rodway"&gt;Norman Rodway&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dr Freud Will See You Now Mr Hitler&lt;/i&gt; (2008) — radio drama by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Marks" title="Laurence Marks"&gt;Laurence Marks&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Gran" title="Maurice Gran"&gt;Maurice Gran&lt;/a&gt; presenting an imagined scenario when &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud"&gt;Sigmund Freud&lt;/a&gt; treated the young Hitler. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Jones" title="Toby Jones"&gt;Toby Jones&lt;/a&gt; played Hitler.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland" title="Fatherland"&gt;Fatherland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;; set in a 1960s Nazi Germany, this TV film looks at what life would be like had Hitler won the war.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="See_also" id="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Nazis" title="Ex-Nazis" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ex-Nazis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Headquarters" title="Führer Headquarters"&gt;Führer Headquarters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrermuseum" title="Führermuseum"&gt;Führermuseum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler_books" title="List of Adolf Hitler books" class="mw-redirect"&gt;List of Adolf Hitler books&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials"&gt;List of Nazi Party leaders and officials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Notes" id="Notes"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 3;"&gt; &lt;ol class="references"&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.ns-archiv.de/personen/hitler/oesterreich/staatsbuergerschaft.php" class="external text" title="http://www.ns-archiv.de/personen/hitler/oesterreich/staatsbuergerschaft.php" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitler ersucht um Entlassung aus der österreichischen Staatsangehörigkeit&lt;/a&gt;", 7 April 1925 (in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language"&gt;German&lt;/a&gt;). Translation: "Hitler's official application to end his Austrian citizenship". NS-Archiv. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_19" title="August 19"&gt;08-19&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-1" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKeegan1989" title=""&gt;Keegan 1989&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-2" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Wistrich, Robert S.. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/braun.html" class="external text" title="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/braun.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Who's Who In Nazi Germany?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415118880" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 978-0415118880&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_7" title="September 7"&gt;09-07&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+In+Nazi+Germany%3F&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Wistrich&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&amp;amp;rft.isbn=978-0415118880&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fbraun.html"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-3" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFShirer1961" title=""&gt;Shirer 1961&lt;/a&gt;, p. 21&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-4" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 23&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull25-5"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull25_5-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull25_5-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 25&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-6" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFToland1991" title=""&gt;Toland 1991&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 12–13&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-7"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-7" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The controversial book &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jew_of_Linz" title="The Jew of Linz"&gt;The Jew of Linz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Cornish" title="Kimberley Cornish"&gt;Kimberley Cornish&lt;/a&gt; suggests that conflict between Hitler and Wittgenstein was a critical moment in Hitler's formation as an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semite" title="Anti-Semite" class="mw-redirect"&gt;anti-Semite&lt;/a&gt;, although there is no evidence for any such conflict. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFCornish1999" title=""&gt;Cornish 1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-8" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/meinkampf/v1c1.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/meinkampf/v1c1.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;In the House of my Parents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;".  Mondo Politico. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-9"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-9" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFLanger.2C_Walter_C.1972" title=""&gt;Langer, Walter C. 1972&lt;/a&gt;, p. 246&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-10"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-10" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 30–31&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Kampf-vol1ch2-11"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-3" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;d&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-4" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kampf-vol1ch2_11-5" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;f&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHitler1998" title=""&gt;Hitler 1998&lt;/a&gt;, §2&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-12"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-12" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHamann1999" title=""&gt;Hamann 1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-13"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-13" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHitler1998" title=""&gt;Hitler 1998&lt;/a&gt;, §7&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-14"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-14" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFR.C3.B6pke1946" title=""&gt;Röpke1946&lt;/a&gt;, p. 117&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-15"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-15" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWaite1993" title=""&gt;Waite 1993&lt;/a&gt;, p. 251&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-16"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-16" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFShirer1961" title=""&gt;Shirer 1961&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-17"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-17" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 50–51&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-18"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-18" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFShirer1990" title=""&gt;Shirer 1990&lt;/a&gt;, p. 53&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-19"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-19" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 52&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-20"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-20" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFLewis2003" title=""&gt;Lewis 2003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-21"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-21" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFDawidowicz1986" title=""&gt;Dawidowicz 1986&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-22"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-22" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHitler1998" title=""&gt;Hitler 1998&lt;/a&gt;, §15&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-23"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-23" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 60&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-24"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-24" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKerhsaw1999" title=""&gt;Kerhsaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-25"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-25" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/document/artikel_44676_bilder_value_6_beisetzung-eisners3.jpg" class="external text" title="http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/document/artikel_44676_bilder_value_6_beisetzung-eisners3.jpg" rel="nofollow"&gt;1919 Picture of Hitler&lt;/a&gt;".  Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-26"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-26" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFFest1970" title=""&gt;Fest 1970&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-27"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-27" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFShirer1961" title=""&gt;Shirer 1961&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 104–106&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-28"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-28" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFShirer1961" title=""&gt;Shirer 1961&lt;/a&gt;, p. 109&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-29"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-29" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFShirer1961" title=""&gt;Shirer 1961&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 111–113&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull121-30"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull121_30-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull121_30-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 121&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-31"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-31" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Vanden_Heuvel" title="Katrina Vanden Heuvel" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Katrina Vanden Heuvel&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Nation 1865–1990&lt;/i&gt;, p. 66, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1990 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560250011" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-56025-001-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-taxes-32"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-taxes_32-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4105683.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4105683.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitler dodged taxes, expert finds&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC"&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004"&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_17" title="December 17"&gt;12-17&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-33"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-33" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Hinrichs, Per (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_25" title="August 25"&gt;08-25&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0,1518,433526,00.html" class="external text" title="http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0,1518,433526,00.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Mythos Ladenhüter&lt;/a&gt;" (in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language"&gt;German&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel"&gt;Der Spiegel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-34"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-34" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/Hitler/MeinKampf/Raubal.html" class="external text" title="http://www.fpp.co.uk/Hitler/MeinKampf/Raubal.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitler Relative Eschews Royalties&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters"&gt;Reuters&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004"&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_25" title="May 25"&gt;05-25&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-35"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-35" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967" title=""&gt;Wheeler-Bennett 1967&lt;/a&gt;, p. 218&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Wheeler-216-36"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Wheeler-216_36-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967" title=""&gt;Wheeler-Bennett 1967&lt;/a&gt;, p. 216&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-37"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-37" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967" title=""&gt;Wheeler-Bennett 1967&lt;/a&gt;, p. 216&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-38"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-38" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967" title=""&gt;Wheeler-Bennett 1967&lt;/a&gt;, p. 218-219&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-39"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-39" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967" title=""&gt;Wheeler-Bennett 1967&lt;/a&gt;, p. 222&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-40"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-40" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 393–394&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-41"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-41" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,470844,00.html" class="external text" title="http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,470844,00.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Des Führers Pass, Hitlers Einbürgerung&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel"&gt;Der Spiegel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull201-42"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull201_42-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull201_42-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 201&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-43"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-43" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.glasnost.de/hist/ns/eingabe.html" class="external text" title="http://www.glasnost.de/hist/ns/eingabe.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932&lt;/a&gt;".  Glasnost. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull262-44"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull262_44-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 262&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull265-45"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull265_45-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 265&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-46"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-46" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 305&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull309-47"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull309_47-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 309&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-48"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-48" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFFest1974" title=""&gt;Fest 1974&lt;/a&gt;, p. 476&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-49"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-49" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFShirer1990" title=""&gt;Shirer 1990&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-50"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-50" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich" title="Robert S. Wistrich"&gt;Wistrich, Robert S.&lt;/a&gt; (2002). &lt;i&gt;Who's Who in Nazi Germany&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York"&gt;New York&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge"&gt;Routledge&lt;/a&gt;, 193.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Nazi+Germany&amp;amp;rft.au=%5B%5BRobert+S.+Wistrich%7CWistrich%2C+Robert+S.%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=2002&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BRoutledge%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.place=%5B%5BNew+York%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pages=193"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-51"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-51" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Hitler-1961"&gt;Hitler, Adolf (1961). &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm#EUGENICS%20JUSTIFIED%20BY%20NATURE" class="external text" title="http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm#EUGENICS%20JUSTIFIED%20BY%20NATURE" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitler's Secret Book&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York"&gt;New York&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press"&gt;Grove Press&lt;/a&gt;, 18.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Secret+Book&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Hitler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Adolf&amp;amp;rft.date=1961&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BGrove+Press%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.place=%5B%5BNew+York%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pages=18&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldfuturefund.org%2Fwffmaster%2FReading%2FGermany%2FRadical%2520Ecology.htm%23EUGENICS%2520JUSTIFIED%2520BY%2520NATURE"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-52"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-52" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw2000a" title=""&gt;Kershaw 2000a&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 166-168&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-53"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-53" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw2000a" title=""&gt;Kershaw 2000a&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 244-245&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-54"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-54" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1970" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1970&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 26–27&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-55"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-55" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 490–491&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-56"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-56" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Leitz, Christian &lt;i&gt;Nazi Foreign Policy&lt;/i&gt;, Routledge: London, United Kingdom, 2004, p. 50.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-57"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-57" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Weinberg, Gerhard &lt;i&gt;The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933-36&lt;/i&gt;, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970, p. 65f.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-58"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-58" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHildebrand1973" title=""&gt;Hildebrand 1973&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 31–32&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Carr-29-59"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Carr-29_59-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Carr-29_59-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFCarr1972" title=""&gt;Carr 1972&lt;/a&gt;, p. 29&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-60"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-60" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-61"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-61" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFCarr1972" title=""&gt;Carr 1972&lt;/a&gt;, p. 23&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-62"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-62" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1970" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1970&lt;/a&gt;, p. 31&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-63"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-63" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery1989" title=""&gt;Overy 1989&lt;/a&gt;, p. 39&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-64"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-64" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1970" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1970&lt;/a&gt;, p. 35&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Kershaw-145-65"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kershaw-145_65-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kershaw-145_65-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw2000a" title=""&gt;Kershaw 2000a&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 145–147&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-messerschmidt1-66"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-messerschmidt1_66-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-messerschmidt1_66-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990 pages 596–597.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-67"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-67" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990 pages 599–600&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-68"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-68" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Kershaw, Ian &lt;i&gt;Hitler Hubris&lt;/i&gt;, New York: Norton, 1999 page 578&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-69"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-69" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Kershaw, Ian &lt;i&gt;Hitler Hubris&lt;/i&gt;, New York: Norton, 1999 page 578&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-70"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-70" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990 pages 601–602.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-71"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-71" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHildebrand1973" title=""&gt;Hildebrand 1973&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 36–37&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-72"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-72" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 560-561&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-73"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-73" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 561&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-74"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-74" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 561-562&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-75"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-75" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHildebrand1973" title=""&gt;Hildebrand 1973&lt;/a&gt;, p. 39&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-76"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-76" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Roberts, Martin. &lt;i&gt;The New Barbarism — A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press"&gt;Oxford University Press&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199132259" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0199132259&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Barbarism%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+A+Portrait+of+Europe+1900%E2%80%931973&amp;amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+Martin&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0199132259"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-77"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-77" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHildebrand1973" title=""&gt;Hildebrand 1973&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 40–41&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-78"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-78" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Hitler, Adolf &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt;; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971 page 138&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-79"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-79" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHildebrand1973" title=""&gt;Hildebrand 1973&lt;/a&gt;, p. 42&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-80"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-80" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; name=Kershaw-578-579&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 578-579&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-81"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-81" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; name=Kershaw-563&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 563&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Kershaw-563-82"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kershaw-563_82-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kershaw-563_82-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 563&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Kershaw-567-83"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kershaw-567_83-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kershaw-567_83-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 567&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Kershaw-580-84"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Kershaw-580_84-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 580&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-85"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-85" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 567-568&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-86"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-86" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 568&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-87"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-87" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; name=Kershaw-579&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 579&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-88"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-88" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; name=Kershaw-580&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 580&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-89"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-89" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; name=Kershaw-580&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw1999" title=""&gt;Kershaw 1999&lt;/a&gt;, p. 580&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-90"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-90" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFDoerr1998" title=""&gt;Doerr 1998&lt;/a&gt;, p. 158&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-91"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-91" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990 pages 630–631.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-92"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-92" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy"&gt;Overy, Richard&lt;/a&gt; “Misjudging Hitler” pages 93–115 from &lt;i&gt;The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered&lt;/i&gt; edited by Gordon Martel Routledge: London, United Kingdom, 1999 pages 98–99.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Tooze-93"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Tooze_93-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Tooze_93-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Tooze_93-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFTooze2006" title=""&gt;Tooze 2006&lt;/a&gt;, p. 704.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-94"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-94" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw2000b" title=""&gt;Kershaw 2000b&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 18–20&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-95"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-95" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Overy, Richard “Misjudging Hitler” pages 93–115 from &lt;i&gt;The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered&lt;/i&gt; edited by Gordon Martel Routledge: London, United Kingdom, 1999 page 98.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-96"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-96" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFCarr1972" title=""&gt;Carr 1972&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 56–57&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-97"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-97" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFDawidowicz1976" title=""&gt;Dawidowicz 1976&lt;/a&gt;, p. 32&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-98"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-98" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990 pages 623–624&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-99"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-99" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Overy, Richard “Misjudging Hitler” from &lt;i&gt;The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered&lt;/i&gt; edited by Gordon Martel Routledge: London, United Kingdom, 1999 page 103&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-100"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-100" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Kershaw, Ian &lt;i&gt;The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation&lt;/i&gt;, London : Arnold ; New York page 51&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-101"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-101" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Jeremy Noakes &amp;amp; Geoffrey Pridham (editors) &lt;i&gt;Nazism 1919–1945 Volume 3 Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination A Documentary Reader&lt;/i&gt;, University of Exeter Press, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom, 1997 page 673.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-messerschmidt2-102"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-messerschmidt2_102-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-messerschmidt2_102-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990 page 642.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-103"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-103" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw2000b" title=""&gt;Kershaw 2000b&lt;/a&gt;, p. 37&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-104"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-104" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFCarr1972" title=""&gt;Carr 1972&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 76–77&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-105"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-105" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw2000b" title=""&gt;Kershaw 2000b&lt;/a&gt;, p. 92&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-106"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-106" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Aigner, Dietrich “Hitler’s Ultimate Aims” from &lt;i&gt;Aspects of the Third Reich&lt;/i&gt; edited by H.W. Koch, London: Macmillan, 1985 page 264&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-messerschmidt4-107"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-messerschmidt4_107-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-messerschmidt4_107-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990 pages 636–637&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-108"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-108" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFCarr1972" title=""&gt;Carr 1972&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 73–78&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-109"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-109" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRobertson1963" title=""&gt;Robertson 1963&lt;/a&gt;, p. 106&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-110"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-110" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHildebrand1973" title=""&gt;Hildebrand 1973&lt;/a&gt;, p. 42&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-111"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-111" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Hillgruber, Andreas "England's Place In Hitler's Plans for World Dominion" " pages 5–22 from &lt;i&gt;Journal of Contemporary History&lt;/i&gt;, Volume 9, 1974 pages 13–14&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Weinberg-39-112"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Weinberg-39_112-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Weinberg-39_112-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 39–40&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-113"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-113" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRoberts1991" title=""&gt;Roberts 1991&lt;/a&gt;, p. 71&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-114"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-114" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFDoerr1998" title=""&gt;Doerr 1998&lt;/a&gt;, p. 216&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-115"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-115" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Overy, Richard Overy, Richard “Misjudging Hitler” pages 93–115 from &lt;i&gt;The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered&lt;/i&gt; edited by Gordon Martel Routledge: London, United Kingdom, 1999 pages 101–103&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-116"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-116" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Overy, Richard "Misjudging Hitler" from &lt;i&gt;The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered&lt;/i&gt; edited by Gordon Martel Routledge: London, United Kingdom, 1999 pages 101–102&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-117"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-117" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Volume I, Clarendon Press: Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, 1990 page 638.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-overy252-118"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-overy252_118-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery2005" title=""&gt;Overy 2005&lt;/a&gt;, p. 252&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-119"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-119" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_3.html" class="external text" title="http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_3.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names?&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem"&gt;Yad Vashem&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-120"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-120" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&amp;amp;ModuleId=10005143" class="external text" title="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&amp;amp;ModuleId=10005143" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Holocaust&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"&gt;United States Holocaust Memorial Museum&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Bloch-178-121"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Bloch-178_121-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Bloch-178_121-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBloch1992178-179" title=""&gt;Bloch &amp;amp; 1992 178-179&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-122"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-122" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFButler1989" title=""&gt;Butler 1989&lt;/a&gt;, p. 159&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-123"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-123" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 434&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-124"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-124" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery2005" title=""&gt;Overy 2005&lt;/a&gt;, p. 425&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-125" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFCrozier1988" title=""&gt;Crozier 1988&lt;/a&gt;, p. 236&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Crozier-239-126"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Crozier-239_126-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Crozier-239_126-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFCrozier1988" title=""&gt;Crozier 1988&lt;/a&gt;, p. 239&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-127"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-127" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery1989" title=""&gt;Overy 1989&lt;/a&gt;, p. 84–85&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-128"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-128" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 334–335&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-129"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-129" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 338–340&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-130"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-130" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 338–339&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-131"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-131" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 418&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-132"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-132" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 366&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-133"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-133" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBloch1992" title=""&gt;Bloch 1992&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 183–185&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-134"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-134" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 368&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-135"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-135" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKee1988" title=""&gt;Kee 1988&lt;/a&gt;, p. 132&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-136"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-136" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Hillgruber, Andreas "England's Place In Hitler's Plans for World Dominion" pages 5–22 from &lt;i&gt;Journal of Contemporary History&lt;/i&gt;, Volume 9, 1974 pages 14–15&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-137"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-137" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, Clarendon Press: Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, 1990 page 663.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-messerschmidt-138"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-messerschmidt_138-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-messerschmidt_138-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990 page 654.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Murray-178-139"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Murray-178_139-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Murray-178_139-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMurray1984" title=""&gt;Murray 1984&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 178–184&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-140"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-140" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMurray1984" title=""&gt;Murray 1984&lt;/a&gt;, p. 183&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-141"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-141" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKee1988" title=""&gt;Kee 1988&lt;/a&gt;, p. 147&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-142"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-142" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 418–419&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-143"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-143" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKee1988" title=""&gt;Kee 1988&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 149–150&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-144"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-144" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 419&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-145"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-145" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 425–426&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-146"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-146" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery1989" title=""&gt;Overy 1989&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 87–88&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-147"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-147" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 428&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-148"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-148" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 431&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-149"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-149" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Middlemas, Keith &lt;i&gt;Diplomacy of Illusion&lt;/i&gt; Weidenfeld and Nicolson: London, United Kingdom, 1972 pages 340–341&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-150"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-150" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 432, 447&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-151"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-151" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHildebrand1973" title=""&gt;Hildebrand 1973&lt;/a&gt;, p. 72&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-152"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-152" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Middlemas, Keith &lt;i&gt;Diplomacy of Illusion&lt;/i&gt; Weidenfeld and Nicolson: London, United Kingdom, 1972 page 364&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-153"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-153" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 447&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-154"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-154" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Dilks, David “`We Must Hope For The Best and Prepare For The Worse’” from &lt;i&gt;The Origins of The Second World War&lt;/i&gt; edited by Patrick Finney, London: Arnold 1997 page 44&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-155"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-155" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Middlemas, Keith &lt;i&gt;Diplomacy of Illusion&lt;/i&gt; page 368&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-156"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-156" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 448&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-157"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-157" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Overy, Richard “Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?” from &lt;i&gt;The Munich Crisis&lt;/i&gt;, London: Frank Cass, 1999 page 208&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-158"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-158" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Overy, Richard “Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?” from &lt;i&gt;The Munich Crisis&lt;/i&gt;, London: Frank Cass, 1999 page 207&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-159"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-159" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Overy, Richard “Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?” from &lt;i&gt;The Munich Crisis&lt;/i&gt; London: Frank Cass 1999 pages 207–209&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-160"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-160" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery1989" title=""&gt;Overy 1989&lt;/a&gt;, p. 49&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-161"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-161" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 452–453, 457&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Murray-256-162"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Murray-256_162-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Murray-256_162-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMurray1984" title=""&gt;Murray 1984&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 256–260&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-163"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-163" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMurray1984" title=""&gt;Murray 1984&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 257–258, 260&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-164"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-164" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMurray1984" title=""&gt;Murray 1984&lt;/a&gt;, p. 257&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-165"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-165" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMurray1984" title=""&gt;Murray 1984&lt;/a&gt;, p. 259&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull469-166"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull469_166-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull469_166-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Bullock, A. &lt;i&gt;Hitler: A Study in Tyranny&lt;/i&gt;, 469.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-167"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-167" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKee1988" title=""&gt;Kee 1988&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 198–200&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-168"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-168" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKee1988" title=""&gt;Kee 1988&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 201–202&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-169"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-169" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKee1988" title=""&gt;Kee 1988&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 202–203&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-170"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-170" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 462–463.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-171"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-171" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html" class="external text" title="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Man of the Year&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29" title="Time (magazine)"&gt;Time&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-172"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-172" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 463&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-173"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-173" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990 pages 671, 682–683&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-174"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-174" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Rothwell, Victor &lt;i&gt;The Origins of the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001 pages 90–91.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-175"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-175" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; edited by Wilhelm Deist, Hans-Erich Vokmann &amp;amp; Wolfram Wette, Volume I, Clarendon Press: Oxford, United Kingdom, 1990 pages 671, 682–683&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-176"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-176" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Rothwell, Victor &lt;i&gt;The Origins of the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, Manchester University Press: Manchester, United Kingdom, 2001 pages 90–91&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-177"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-177" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Hillgruber, Andreas "England's Place In Hitler's Plans for World Dominion" pages 5–22 from &lt;i&gt;Journal of Contemporary History&lt;/i&gt;, Volume 9, 1974 page 15&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-178"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-178" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 506–507&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-179"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-179" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990 page 672.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-180"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-180" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Watt, D.C. &lt;i&gt;How War Came&lt;/i&gt; Heinemann: London, 1989 page 38&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-181"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-181" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFStrobl2000" title=""&gt;Strobl 2000&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 161–162&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-182"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-182" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFStrobl2000" title=""&gt;Strobl 2000&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 168–170&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-183"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-183" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFStrobl2000" title=""&gt;Strobl 2000&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 61–62&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-184"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-184" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990 pages 682–683.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-185"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-185" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery1989" title=""&gt;Overy 1989&lt;/a&gt;, p. 61&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-186"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-186" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Maiolo, Joseph &lt;i&gt;The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany&lt;/i&gt; Macmillan Press: London, 1998 pages 164–165&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-187"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-187" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990 page 91.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-188"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-188" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990 page 691&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-weinberg1-189"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-weinberg1_189-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-weinberg1_189-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Weinberg, Gerhard ”Propaganda for Peace and Preparation For War’ pages 68–82 from &lt;i&gt;Germany, Hitler and World War II&lt;/i&gt;, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, 1995 page 73&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-190"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-190" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Rees, Lawrence &lt;i&gt;The Nazis&lt;/i&gt;, New York: New Press, 1997 page 80&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-191"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-191" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Rees, Lawrence &lt;i&gt;The Nazis&lt;/i&gt;, New York: New Press, 1997 page 79&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-192"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-192" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Rees, Lawrence &lt;i&gt;The Nazis&lt;/i&gt;, New York: New Press, 1997 page 78&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-193"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-193" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Rees, Lawrence &lt;i&gt;The Nazis&lt;/i&gt;, New York: New Press, 1997 page 78&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-194"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-194" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Rees, Lawrence &lt;i&gt;The Nazis&lt;/i&gt;, New York: New Press, 1997 pages 84-85&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Murray-268-195"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Murray-268_195-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Murray-268_195-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMurray1984" title=""&gt;Murray 1984&lt;/a&gt;, p. 268&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Marrus-37-196"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Marrus-37_196-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Marrus-37_196-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMarrus2000" title=""&gt;Marrus 2000&lt;/a&gt;, p. 37&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-197"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-197" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMarrus2000" title=""&gt;Marrus 2000&lt;/a&gt;, p. 38&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Marrus-43-198"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Marrus-43_198-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Marrus-43_198-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Marrus-43_198-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMarrus2000" title=""&gt;Marrus 2000&lt;/a&gt;, p. 43&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-199"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-199" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFMurray1984" title=""&gt;Murray 1984&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 268–269&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-200"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-200" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, Volume I, Clarendon Press: Oxford, United Kingdom, 1990 pages 688–690.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Weinberg-537-201"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Weinberg-537_201-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Weinberg-537_201-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 537–539, 557–560&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Weinberg-558-202"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Weinberg-558_202-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Weinberg-558_202-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, p. 558&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-203"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-203" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 579–581&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-204"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-204" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFWeinberg1980" title=""&gt;Weinberg 1980&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 561–562, 583–584&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-205"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-205" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Roberston, E.M. “Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers” from &lt;i&gt;Aspects of the Third Reich&lt;/i&gt; edited by H.W. Koch, London: Macmillan 1985 page 212&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-206"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-206" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt; Clarendon Press: Oxford, United Kingdom, 1990 pages 688–690.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-207"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-207" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBloch1992" title=""&gt;Bloch 1992&lt;/a&gt;, p. 228&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-208"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-208" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery1989" title=""&gt;Overy 1989&lt;/a&gt;, p. 56&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Ribben-210-209"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Ribben-210_209-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Ribben-210_209-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBloch1992" title=""&gt;Bloch 1992&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 210, 228&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-210"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-210" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Craig, Gordon "The German Foreign Office from Neurath to Ribbentrop" from &lt;i&gt;The Diplomats 1919–39&lt;/i&gt; edited by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig"&gt;Gordon A. Craig&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Gilbert" title="Felix Gilbert"&gt;Felix Gilbert&lt;/a&gt; pages 435–436&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-211"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-211" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery1989" title=""&gt;Overy 1989&lt;/a&gt;, p. 56&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-212"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-212" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Overy, Richard “Economy Germany, ‘Domestic Crisis’ and War in 1939” from &lt;i&gt;The Third Reich: The Essential Readings&lt;/i&gt; edited by Christian Leitz, Blackwell: Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, 1999 page 125&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-robertson-213"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-robertson_213-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-robertson_213-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRobertson1963" title=""&gt;Robertson 1963&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 178–180&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-214"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-214" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; MAX BELOFF, &lt;i&gt;The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia&lt;/i&gt;, vol. II, I936–4I. Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford University Press, 1949.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-215"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-215" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Mason, Tim &amp;amp; Overy, R.J. “Debate: Germany, `domestic crisis’ and the war in 1939” from The Origins of The Second World War edited by Patrick Finney Edward Arnold: London, United Kingdom, 1997 pages 91–98&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-216"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-216" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw2000b" title=""&gt;Kershaw 2000b&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 36–37, 92&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-217"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-217" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFCarr1972" title=""&gt;Carr 1972&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 76–77&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-218"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-218" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Weinberg, Gerhard “Hitler's Private Testament of 2 May 1938” pages 415–419 from &lt;i&gt;The Journal of Modern History&lt;/i&gt;, Volume 27, Issue # 4, December 1955&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-219"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-219" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from &lt;i&gt;Germany and the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, Clarendon Press: Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, 1990 page 714.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-220"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-220" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBloch1992" title=""&gt;Bloch 1992&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 252–253&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-221"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-221" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Weinberg, Gerhard "Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality” pages 85–94 from &lt;i&gt;Germany, Hitler and World War II&lt;/i&gt; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, 1995 pages 89–90&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-222"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-222" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBloch1992" title=""&gt;Bloch 1992&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 255–257&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-223"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-223" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHakim1995" title=""&gt;Hakim 1995&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-224"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-224" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (2 October 1939). &lt;a href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789000,00.html" class="external text" title="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789000,00.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Seven Years War?&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME_Magazine" title="TIME Magazine" class="mw-redirect"&gt;TIME Magazine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on 30 August 2008.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-225"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-225" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRees1997" title=""&gt;Rees 1997&lt;/a&gt;, p. 141&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-226"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-226" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRees1997" title=""&gt;Rees 1997&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 141-142&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-227"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-227" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRees1997" title=""&gt;Rees 1997&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 141-145&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Rees-148-228"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Rees-148_228-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Rees-148_228-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Rees-148_228-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Rees-148_228-3" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;d&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRees1997" title=""&gt;Rees 1997&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 148-149&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-229"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-229" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/406713.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/406713.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC"&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" title="1999"&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_29" title="July 29"&gt;07-29&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull717-230"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull717_230-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull717_230-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull717_230-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 717&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-231"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-231" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFShirer1990" title=""&gt;Shirer 1990&lt;/a&gt;, §29&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-232"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-232" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 753&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-233"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-233" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 763&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-234"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-234" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 778&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-235"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-235" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 780–781&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull774.E2.80.93775-236"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull774.E2.80.93775_236-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull774.E2.80.93775_236-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 774–775&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-237"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-237" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFDollinger1995" title=""&gt;Dollinger 1995&lt;/a&gt;, p. 112&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Dollinger-231-238"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Dollinger-231_238-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Dollinger-231_238-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFDollinger1995" title=""&gt;Dollinger 1995&lt;/a&gt;, p. 231&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-239"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-239" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 783–784&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull784-240"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull784_240-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull784_240-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 784&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-241"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-241" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 790&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull787-242"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull787_242-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull787_242-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 787&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull795-243"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull795_243-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull795_243-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull795_243-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 795&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-244"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-244" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFButler1989" title=""&gt;Butler 1989&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 227–228&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-245"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-245" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 791&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-246"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-246" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 792&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-247"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-247" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 793&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-248"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-248" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 798&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull799.E2.80.93800-249"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull799.E2.80.93800_249-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull799.E2.80.93800_249-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 799–800&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-250"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-250" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1800287.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1800287.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitler's final witness&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC"&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002"&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_4" title="February 4"&gt;02-04&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-251"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-251" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Trevor-Roper, H. (1947). &lt;i&gt;The Last Days of Hitler&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press"&gt;University of Chicago Press&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Hitler&amp;amp;rft.au=Trevor-Roper%2C+H.&amp;amp;rft.date=1947&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+Chicago+Press%5D%5D"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-252"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-252" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFKershaw2000b" title=""&gt;Kershaw 2000b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-253"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-253" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; V.K. Vinogradov and others, &lt;i&gt;Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB&lt;/i&gt;, Chaucer Press 2005, 111. This work reproduces a Soviet map showing that the bodies were buried in a field near the village of Neu Friedrichsdorf, approximately one kilometre east of Rathenow.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-254"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-254" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Hans Meissner, &lt;i&gt;Magda Goebbels, First Lady of the Third Reich&lt;/i&gt;, 260-277&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-BBCskull-255"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-BBCskull_255-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/725537.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/725537.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Russia displays 'Hitler skull fragment'&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC"&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" title="2000"&gt;2000&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_26" title="April 26"&gt;04-26&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-256"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-256" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Finklestone, Joseph (1996). &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PoW4pO4q9VwC&amp;amp;pg=PA16&amp;amp;dq=sadat+hitler&amp;amp;sig=xMPc2506hgitYGGS9x-lSigZkD4" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=PoW4pO4q9VwC&amp;amp;pg=PA16&amp;amp;dq=sadat+hitler&amp;amp;sig=xMPc2506hgitYGGS9x-lSigZkD4" rel="nofollow"&gt;Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge"&gt;Routledge&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714634875" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0714634875&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Anwar+Sadat%3A+Visionary+Who+Dared&amp;amp;rft.au=Finklestone%2C+Joseph&amp;amp;rft.date=1996&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BRoutledge%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0714634875&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoW4pO4q9VwC%26pg%3DPA16%26dq%3Dsadat%2Bhitler%26sig%3DxMPc2506hgitYGGS9x-lSigZkD4"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-257"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-257" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Bierbauer, Charles (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995"&gt;1995&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_17" title="October 17"&gt;10-17&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9510/megamarch/10-17/notebook/index.html" class="external text" title="http://www.cnn.com/US/9510/megamarch/10-17/notebook/index.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Million Man March: Its Goal More Widely Accepted than Its Leader&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" title="CNN"&gt;CNN&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.au=Bierbauer%2C+Charles&amp;amp;rft.title=Million+Man+March%3A+Its+Goal+More+Widely+Accepted+than+Its+Leader&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9510%2Fmegamarch%2F10-17%2Fnotebook%2Findex.html&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BCNN%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=1995-10-17"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-258"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-258" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010709213551/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/95/0922/nat5.html" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20010709213551/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/95/0922/nat5.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Portrait of a Demagogue&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiaweek" title="Asiaweek"&gt;Asiaweek&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995"&gt;1995&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_22" title="September 22"&gt;09-22&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-259"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-259" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Shirer, p 21&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-260"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-260" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRissmann2001" title=""&gt;Rissmann 2001&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 94–96&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-261"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-261" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFSteigmann-Gall2003" title=""&gt;Steigmann-Gall 2003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-262"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-262" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHitler1942" title=""&gt;Hitler 1942&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-263"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-263" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFHitler1973" title=""&gt;Hitler 1973&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bull389-264"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull389_264-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-bull389_264-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock1962" title=""&gt;Bullock 1962&lt;/a&gt;, p. 389&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Steigmann-passim-265"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Steigmann-passim_265-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-Steigmann-passim_265-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFSteigmann-Gall2003" title=""&gt;Steigmann-Gall 2003&lt;/a&gt;, p. passim&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-266"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-266" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery2005" title=""&gt;Overy 2005&lt;/a&gt;, p. 282&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-267"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-267" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFOvery2005" title=""&gt;Overy 2005&lt;/a&gt;, p. 278&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-268"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-268" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRissmann2001" title=""&gt;Rissmann 2001&lt;/a&gt;, p. 96&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-269"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-269" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFBullock2001" title=""&gt;Bullock 2001&lt;/a&gt;, p. 388&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-270"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-270" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFSpeer2003" title=""&gt;Speer 2003&lt;/a&gt;, p. 96ff&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-271"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-271" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.the-kingdom.ie/news/story/?trs=kfgbqlojmh" class="external text" title="http://www.the-kingdom.ie/news/story/?trs=kfgbqlojmh" rel="nofollow"&gt;The last 12 days of Hitler recalled&lt;/a&gt;".  The Kingdom (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005"&gt;2005&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_6" title="April 6"&gt;04-06&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-272"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-272" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Midgley, Neil (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_23" title="November 23"&gt;11-23&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1534830/New-technology-catches-Hitler-off-guard.html" class="external text" title="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1534830/New-technology-catches-Hitler-off-guard.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;New technology catches Hitler off guard&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph"&gt;The Telegraph&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-273"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-273" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Wilson, Bee (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998" title="1998"&gt;1998&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_9" title="October 9"&gt;10-09&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050321091219/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FQP/is_n4406_v127/ai_21238666" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20050321091219/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FQP/is_n4406_v127/ai_21238666" rel="nofollow"&gt;Mein Diat — Adolf Hitler's diet&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman"&gt;New Statesman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-274"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-274" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFToland1991" title=""&gt;Toland 1991&lt;/a&gt;, p. 741&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-275"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-275" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRosenbaum1998" title=""&gt;Rosenbaum 1998&lt;/a&gt;, pp. 99–117&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-276"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-276" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#CITEREFRosenbaum1998" title=""&gt;Rosenbaum 1998&lt;/a&gt;, p. 116&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-277"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-277" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/pinkswastika/html/the_pinkswastika_4th_edition_-_final.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.abidingtruth.com/pfrc/books/pinkswastika/html/the_pinkswastika_4th_edition_-_final.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Pink Swastika — Homosexuality in the Nazi Party - 4th edition&lt;/a&gt;".  Abiding Truth. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-278"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-278" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.newstatesman.com/200712130027" class="external text" title="http://www.newstatesman.com/200712130027" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitler's Child&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman"&gt;New Statesman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-279"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-279" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/machtrede.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/machtrede.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Power of Speech&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_College" title="Calvin College"&gt;author= Frauenfeld, A. E.&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-280"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-280" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Goebbels, Joseph. "&lt;a href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ahspeak.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ahspeak.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Führer as a Speaker&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_College" title="Calvin College"&gt;Calvin College&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-281"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-281" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Moring, Kirsikka (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004"&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_21" title="September 21"&gt;09-21&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.hs.fi/english/article/1076153999513" class="external text" title="http://www.hs.fi/english/article/1076153999513" rel="nofollow"&gt;Conversation secretly recorded in Finland helped German actor prepare for Hitler role&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat"&gt;Helsingin Sanomat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-282"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-282" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&amp;amp;g=1&amp;amp;ag=3&amp;amp;t=22&amp;amp;a=376" class="external text" title="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&amp;amp;g=1&amp;amp;ag=3&amp;amp;t=22&amp;amp;a=376" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitlerin salaa tallennettu keskustelu Suomessa&lt;/a&gt;" (in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language"&gt;Finnish&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YLE" title="YLE"&gt;YLE&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-283"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-283" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0386944/" class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0386944/" rel="nofollow"&gt;IMDb: Adolf Hitler&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDB" title="IMDB" class="mw-redirect"&gt;IMDB&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-284"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler#cite_ref-284" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.german-cinema.de/app/filmarchive/film_view.php?film_id=404" class="external text" title="http://www.german-cinema.de/app/filmarchive/film_view.php?film_id=404" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitler — A Film from Germany (Hitler — Ein Film aus Deutschland)&lt;/a&gt;".  German Films. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="References" id="References"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFBloch1992"&gt;Bloch, Michael (1992), &lt;i&gt;Ribbentrop&lt;/i&gt;, New York: Crown Publishing&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Ribbentrop&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Bloch&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;amp;rft.au=Bloch%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft.date=1992&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.pub=Crown+Publishing&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFBullock1962"&gt;Bullock, A. (1962), &lt;i&gt;Hitler: A Study in Tyranny&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books"&gt;Penguin Books&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140135642" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0140135642&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Study+in+Tyranny&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Bullock&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;amp;rft.au=Bullock%2C+A.&amp;amp;rft.date=1962&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BPenguin+Books%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0140135642&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFButler1989"&gt;Butler, Ewan (1989), &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Hermann Goering&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%26_Charles" title="David &amp;amp; Charles"&gt;David &amp;amp; Charles&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/071539455X" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 071539455X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Hermann+Goering&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Butler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Ewan&amp;amp;rft.au=Butler%2C+Ewan&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BDavid+%26+Charles%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=071539455X&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFCarr1972"&gt;Carr, William (1972), &lt;i&gt;Arms, Autarky and Aggression&lt;/i&gt;, London: Edward Arnold, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713156683" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 9780713156683&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Arms%2C+Autarky+and+Aggression&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Carr&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;amp;rft.au=Carr%2C+William&amp;amp;rft.date=1972&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&amp;amp;rft.isbn=9780713156683&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFCornish1999"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Cornish" title="Kimberley Cornish"&gt;Cornish, Kimberley&lt;/a&gt; (1999), &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jew_of_Linz" title="The Jew of Linz"&gt;The Jew of Linz&lt;/a&gt;: Hitler, Wittgenstein and their secret battle for the mind&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Jew+of+Linz%5D%5D%3A+Hitler%2C+Wittgenstein+and+their+secret+battle+for+the+mind&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Cornish&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Kimberley&amp;amp;rft.au=Cornish%2C+Kimberley&amp;amp;rft.date=1999&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFCrozier1988"&gt;Crozier, Andrew (1988), &lt;i&gt;Appeasement and Germany's Last Bid for Colonies&lt;/i&gt;, London: Macmillan Press, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312015461" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0312015461&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Appeasement+and+Germany%27s+Last+Bid+for+Colonies&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Crozier&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;amp;rft.au=Crozier%2C+Andrew&amp;amp;rft.date=1988&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0312015461&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFDawidowicz1976"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz"&gt;Dawidowicz, Lucy&lt;/a&gt; (1976), &lt;i&gt;A Holocaust Reader&lt;/i&gt;, New York: Behrman House&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+Holocaust+Reader&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Dawidowicz&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Lucy&amp;amp;rft.au=Dawidowicz%2C+Lucy&amp;amp;rft.date=1976&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.pub=Behrman+House&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFDawidowicz1986"&gt;Dawidowicz, Lucy (1986), &lt;i&gt;The War Against the Jews&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books"&gt;Bantam Books&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+War+Against+the+Jews&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Dawidowicz&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Lucy&amp;amp;rft.au=Dawidowicz%2C+Lucy&amp;amp;rft.date=1986&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBantam+Books%5D%5D&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFDoerr1998"&gt;Doerr, Paul (1998), &lt;i&gt;British Foreign Policy&lt;/i&gt;, Manchester: Manchester University Press&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Doerr&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;amp;rft.au=Doerr%2C+Paul&amp;amp;rft.date=1998&amp;amp;rft.place=Manchester&amp;amp;rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFDollinger1995"&gt;Dollinger, Hans (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995"&gt;1995&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_28" title="March 28"&gt;03-28&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;i&gt;The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan&lt;/i&gt;, Gramercy, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517123991" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0517123991&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+Nazi+Germany+and+Imperial+Japan&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Dollinger&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Hans&amp;amp;rft.au=Dollinger%2C+Hans&amp;amp;rft.date=%5B%5B1995-03-28%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pub=Gramercy&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0517123991&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFFest1970"&gt;Fest, Joachim C. (1970), &lt;i&gt;The Face Of The Third Reich&lt;/i&gt;, London: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson"&gt;Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Face+Of+The+Third+Reich&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Fest&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Joachim+C.&amp;amp;rft.au=Fest%2C+Joachim+C.&amp;amp;rft.date=1970&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWeidenfeld+%26+Nicolson%5D%5D&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFFest1974"&gt;Fest, Joachim C. (1974), &lt;i&gt;Hitler&lt;/i&gt;, New York: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Trade_Publishers" title="Harcourt Trade Publishers"&gt;Harcourt Trade Publishers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hitler&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Fest&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Joachim+C.&amp;amp;rft.au=Fest%2C+Joachim+C.&amp;amp;rft.date=1974&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BHarcourt+Trade+Publishers%5D%5D&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFHakim1995"&gt;Hakim, Joy (1995), &lt;i&gt;A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz&lt;/i&gt;, New York: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press"&gt;Oxford University Press&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195095146" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-19-509514-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Us%3A+War%2C+Peace+and+all+that+Jazz&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Hakim&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Joy&amp;amp;rft.au=Hakim%2C+Joy&amp;amp;rft.date=1995&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-19-509514-6&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFHamann1999"&gt;Hamann, Brigitte (1999), &lt;i&gt;Hitler's Vienna. A dictator's apprenticeship&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press"&gt;Oxford University Press&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Vienna.+A+dictator%27s+apprenticeship&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Hamann&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Brigitte&amp;amp;rft.au=Hamann%2C+Brigitte&amp;amp;rft.date=1999&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFHildebrand1973"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand"&gt;Hildebrand, Klaus&lt;/a&gt; (1973), &lt;i&gt;The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich&lt;/i&gt;, London: Batsford&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+the+Third+Reich&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Hildebrand&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Klaus&amp;amp;rft.au=Hildebrand%2C+Klaus&amp;amp;rft.date=1973&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Batsford&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFHitler1942"&gt;Hitler, Adolf (1942), &lt;i&gt;The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922–August 1939&lt;/i&gt;, London: Oxford University Press, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0598758933" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-598-75893-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Speeches+of+Adolf+Hitler%2C+April+1922%E2%80%93August+1939&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Hitler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Adolf&amp;amp;rft.au=Hitler%2C+Adolf&amp;amp;rft.date=1942&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-598-75893-3&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFHitler1973"&gt;Hitler, Adolf (1973), &lt;i&gt;My New Order&lt;/i&gt;, Octagon Books, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374939187" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-374-93918-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=My+New+Order&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Hitler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Adolf&amp;amp;rft.au=Hitler%2C+Adolf&amp;amp;rft.date=1973&amp;amp;rft.pub=Octagon+Books&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-374-93918-7&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFHitler1998"&gt;Hitler, Adolf (15 September), &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_Books" title="Mariner Books"&gt;Mariner Books&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0395925037" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0395925037&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Mein+Kampf&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Hitler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Adolf&amp;amp;rft.au=Hitler%2C+Adolf&amp;amp;rft.date=15+September&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BMariner+Books%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0395925037&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFKee1988"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kee" title="Robert Kee"&gt;Kee, Robert&lt;/a&gt; (1988), &lt;i&gt;Munich&lt;/i&gt;, London: Hamish Hamilton&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Munich&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kee&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;amp;rft.au=Kee%2C+Robert&amp;amp;rft.date=1988&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFKeegan1989"&gt;Keegan, John (1989), &lt;i&gt;The Second World War&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfield,_New_Zealand" title="Glenfield, New Zealand"&gt;Glenfield, New Zealand&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson_%28publisher%29" title="Hutchinson (publisher)"&gt;Hutchinson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Keegan&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;amp;rft.au=Keegan%2C+John&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rft.place=%5B%5BGlenfield%2C+New+Zealand%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BHutchinson+%28publisher%29%7CHutchinson%5D%5D&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFKershaw1999"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw"&gt;Kershaw, Ian&lt;/a&gt; (1999), &lt;i&gt;Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris&lt;/i&gt;, New York: W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1889-1936%3A+Hubris&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kershaw&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;amp;rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Ian&amp;amp;rft.date=1999&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFKershaw2000a"&gt;Kershaw, Ian (2000a), &lt;i&gt;The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation&lt;/i&gt; (4th ed.), London: Arnold&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Dictatorship+%3A+Problems+and+Perspectives+of+Interpretation&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kershaw&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;amp;rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Ian&amp;amp;rft.date=2000a&amp;amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Arnold&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFKershaw2000b"&gt;Kershaw, Ian (2000b), &lt;i&gt;Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis&lt;/i&gt;, New York; London: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company"&gt;W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936%E2%80%931945%3A+Nemesis&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kershaw&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;amp;rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Ian&amp;amp;rft.date=2000b&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York%3B+London&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BW.+W.+Norton+%26+Company%5D%5D&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFLanger1972"&gt;Langer, Walter C. (1972), &lt;i&gt;The Mind of Adolf Hitler&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York"&gt;New York&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books"&gt;Basic Books&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Adolf+Hitler&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Langer&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Walter+C.&amp;amp;rft.au=Langer%2C+Walter+C.&amp;amp;rft.date=1972&amp;amp;rft.place=%5B%5BNew+York%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBasic+Books%5D%5D&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFLewis2003"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_%28psychologist%29" title="David Lewis (psychologist)"&gt;Lewis, David&lt;/a&gt; (2003), &lt;i&gt;The Man who invented Hitler&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_Headline" title="Hodder Headline"&gt;Hodder Headline&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0755311485" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-7553-1148-5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Man+who+invented+Hitler&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+David&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BHodder+Headline%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-7553-1148-5&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFMarrus2000"&gt;Marrus, Michael (2000), &lt;i&gt;The Holocaust in History&lt;/i&gt;, Toronto: Key Porter&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+History&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Marrus&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;amp;rft.au=Marrus%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;amp;rft.pub=Key+Porter&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFMurray1984"&gt;Murray, Williamson (1984), &lt;i&gt;The Change in the European Balance of Power&lt;/i&gt;, Princeton: Princeton University Press&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Change+in+the+European+Balance+of+Power&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Murray&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Williamson&amp;amp;rft.au=Murray%2C+Williamson&amp;amp;rft.date=1984&amp;amp;rft.place=Princeton&amp;amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFOvery1989"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy"&gt;Overy, Richard&lt;/a&gt; (1989), &lt;i&gt;The Road To War&lt;/i&gt;, London: Macmillan, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/014028530X" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-14-028530-X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Road+To+War&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Overy&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;amp;rft.au=Overy%2C+Richard&amp;amp;rft.date=1989&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-14-028530-X&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFOvery2005"&gt;Overy, Richard (2005), &lt;i&gt;The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books"&gt;Penguin Books&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393020304" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0393020304&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+Stalin%27s+Russia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Overy&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;amp;rft.au=Overy%2C+Richard&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BPenguin+Books%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0393020304&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFRees1997"&gt;Rees, Laurence (1997), &lt;i&gt;The Nazis : A Warning From History&lt;/i&gt;, New York: New Press&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Nazis+%3A+A+Warning+From+History&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Rees&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence&amp;amp;rft.au=Rees%2C+Laurence&amp;amp;rft.date=1997&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.pub=New+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFRissmann2001"&gt;Rissmann, Michael (2001), &lt;i&gt;Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators&lt;/i&gt;, Zürich München: Pendo, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3858424218" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 3-85842-421-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hitlers+Gott.+Vorsehungsglaube+und+Sendungsbewu%C3%9Ftsein+des+deutschen+Diktators&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Rissmann&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;amp;rft.au=Rissmann%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft.date=2001&amp;amp;rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich+M%C3%BCnchen&amp;amp;rft.pub=Pendo&amp;amp;rft.isbn=3-85842-421-8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFRoberts1991"&gt;Roberts, Andrew (1991), &lt;i&gt;The Holy Fox&lt;/i&gt;, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Holy+Fox&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Roberts&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+Andrew&amp;amp;rft.date=1991&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFRobertson1963"&gt;Robertson, E.M. (1963), &lt;i&gt;Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans&lt;/i&gt;, London: Longmans&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Pre-War+Policy+and+Military+Plans&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Robertson&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=E.M.&amp;amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.M.&amp;amp;rft.date=1963&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Longmans&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFR.C3.B6pke1946"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke"&gt;Röpke, Wilhelm&lt;/a&gt; (1946), &lt;i&gt;The Solution to the German Problem&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons"&gt;G. P. Putnam's Sons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Solution+to+the+German+Problem&amp;amp;rft.aulast=R%C3%B6pke&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&amp;amp;rft.au=R%C3%B6pke%2C+Wilhelm&amp;amp;rft.date=1946&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BG.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons%5D%5D&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFRosenbaum1998"&gt;Rosenbaum, R. (1998), &lt;i&gt;Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of his Evil&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers"&gt;Macmillan Publishers&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/006095339X" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 006095339X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Explaining+Hitler%3A+The+Search+for+the+Origins+of+his+Evil&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;amp;rft.au=Rosenbaum%2C+R.&amp;amp;rft.date=1998&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BMacmillan+Publishers%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=006095339X&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFShirer1961"&gt;Shirer, William L. (1961), &lt;i&gt;The Rise And Fall of Adolf Hitler&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House"&gt;Random House&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394862708" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0394862708&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Rise+And+Fall+of+Adolf+Hitler&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Shirer&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=William+L.&amp;amp;rft.au=Shirer%2C+William+L.&amp;amp;rft.date=1961&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BRandom+House%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0394862708&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFShirer1990"&gt;Shirer, William L. (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990" title="1990"&gt;1990&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15" title="November 15"&gt;11-15&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;i&gt;The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon &amp;amp; Schuster"&gt;Simon &amp;amp; Schuster&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671728687" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-671-72868-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Shirer&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=William+L.&amp;amp;rft.au=Shirer%2C+William+L.&amp;amp;rft.date=%5B%5B1990-11-15%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BSimon+%26+Schuster%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-671-72868-7&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFSpeer2003"&gt;Speer, Albert (2003), &lt;i&gt;Inside the Third Reich&lt;/i&gt;, Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson History, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842127357" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-842-127357&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Inside+the+Third+Reich&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Speer&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;amp;rft.au=Speer%2C+Albert&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson+History&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-842-127357&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFSteigmann-Gall2003"&gt;Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003), &lt;i&gt;The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945&lt;/i&gt;, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2277%2F0521823714" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.2277%2F0521823714" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.2277/0521823714&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521823714" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0521823714&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Holy+Reich%3A+Nazi+Conceptions+of+Christianity%2C+1919%E2%80%931945&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Steigmann-Gall&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;amp;rft.au=Steigmann-Gall%2C+Richard&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.2277%2F0521823714&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0521823714&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFStrobl2000"&gt;Strobl, Gerwin (2000), &lt;i&gt;The Germanic Isle&lt;/i&gt;, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Germanic+Isle&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Strobl&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Gerwin&amp;amp;rft.au=Strobl%2C+Gerwin&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFToland1991"&gt;Toland, John (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991"&gt;1991&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1" title="December 1"&gt;12-01&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;i&gt;Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_%28publisher%29" title="Doubleday (publisher)"&gt;Doubleday&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385420536" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0385420536&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Adolf+Hitler%3A+The+Definitive+Biography&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Toland&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;amp;rft.au=Toland%2C+John&amp;amp;rft.date=%5B%5B1991-12-01%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BDoubleday+%28publisher%29%7CDoubleday%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0385420536&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFTooze2006"&gt;Tooze, Adam (2006), &lt;i&gt;The Wages of Destruction&lt;/i&gt;, New York: Viking Press&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Tooze&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;amp;rft.au=Tooze%2C+Adam&amp;amp;rft.date=2006&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.pub=Viking+Press&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFWaite1993"&gt;Waite, Robert G. L. (1993), &lt;i&gt;The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press"&gt;Da Capo Press&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306805146" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-306-80514-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Psychopathic+God%3A+Adolf+Hitler&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Waite&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+G.+L.&amp;amp;rft.au=Waite%2C+Robert+G.+L.&amp;amp;rft.date=1993&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BDa+Capo+Press%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-306-80514-6&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFWeinberg1970"&gt;Weinberg, Gerhard (1970), &lt;i&gt;The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936&lt;/i&gt;, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226885097" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0226885097&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Hitler%27s+Germany+Diplomatic+Revolution+in+Europe+1933%E2%80%931936&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Weinberg&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Gerhard&amp;amp;rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Gerhard&amp;amp;rft.date=1970&amp;amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0226885097&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFWeinberg1980"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg"&gt;Weinberg, Gerhard&lt;/a&gt; (1980), &lt;i&gt;The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II&lt;/i&gt;, University of Chicago Press, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226885119" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0226885119&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Hitler%27s+Germany+Starting+World+War+II&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Weinberg&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Gerhard&amp;amp;rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Gerhard&amp;amp;rft.date=1980&amp;amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0226885119&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967"&gt;Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967), &lt;i&gt;The Nemesis of Power&lt;/i&gt;, London: Macmillan&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Nemesis+of+Power&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;amp;rft.au=Wheeler-Bennett%2C+John&amp;amp;rft.date=1967&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Adolf_Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="External_links" id="External_links"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;table class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 235px; line-height: 2.25em; font-size: 90%;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 1.3em;"&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" align="center"&gt;Find more about Adolf Hitler on Wikipedia's sister projects:&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th width="37"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" class="image" title="Wiktionary-logo-en.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" border="0" height="27" width="25" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span title="Wiktionary"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adolf_Hitler" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Adolf Hitler"&gt;Dictionary definitions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikibooks-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" border="0" height="27" width="27" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adolf_Hitler" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Adolf Hitler"&gt;Textbooks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikiquote-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" border="0" height="27" width="23" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adolf_Hitler" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Adolf Hitler"&gt;Quotations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikisource-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" border="0" height="27" width="26" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adolf_Hitler" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Adolf Hitler"&gt;Source texts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;span title="Commons"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Commons-logo.svg" class="image" title="Commons-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" border="0" height="24" width="18" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adolf_Hitler" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Adolf Hitler"&gt;Images and media&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;span style="position: relative; top: 6px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikinews-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" border="0" height="15" width="27" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adolf_Hitler" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Adolf Hitler"&gt;News stories&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg" class="image" title="Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg.png" border="0" height="24" width="27" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adolf_Hitler" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Adolf Hitler"&gt;Learning resources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Images and videos&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0027857/" class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0027857/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Adolf Hitler&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database"&gt;Internet Movie Database&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;The Character portrayed in film and television&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/hitler_color" class="external text" title="http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/hitler_color" rel="nofollow"&gt;Color Footage of Hitler&lt;/a&gt; - Watch color footage of Hitler during WWII&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/hitler2.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/hitler2.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Photos of Adolf Hitler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Speeches and publications&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dhm.de/sammlungen/zendok/weimar/Reden_Reserve/hitler.html" class="external text" title="http://www.dhm.de/sammlungen/zendok/weimar/Reden_Reserve/hitler.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;A speech from 1932 (text and audiofile), German Museum of History Berlin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://dl01.blastpodcast.com/EVTV1History/1531_1135376820.mov" class="external text" title="http://dl01.blastpodcast.com/EVTV1History/1531_1135376820.mov" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitler Speech (10 February 1933) with English Translation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/meinkampf/introduction.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/meinkampf/introduction.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Hitler's book &lt;i&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/i&gt; (full English translation)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.archive.org/details/TheTestamentOfAdolfHitler" class="external text" title="http://www.archive.org/details/TheTestamentOfAdolfHitler" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Testament of Adolf Hitler&lt;/i&gt; the Bormann-Hitler documents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; font-size: 95%; clear: both;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="3" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"&gt;Political offices&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%"&gt;Preceded by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler"&gt;Anton Drexler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1" width="40%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist German Workers Party" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Leader of the NSDAP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1921–1945&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td rowspan="2" align="center" width="30%"&gt;Succeeded by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;None&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%"&gt;Preceded by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Pfeffer_von_Salomon" title="Franz Pfeffer von Salomon"&gt;Franz Pfeffer von Salomon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1" width="40%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberste_SA-F%C3%BChrer" title="Oberste SA-Führer" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Leader of the SA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1930–1945&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%"&gt;Preceded by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher"&gt;Kurt von Schleicher&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1" width="40%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany"&gt;Chancellor of Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(1)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1933–1945&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%"&gt;Succeeded by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels"&gt;Joseph Goebbels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%"&gt;Preceded by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg"&gt;Paul von Hindenburg&lt;/a&gt; (as President)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1" width="40%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Führer&lt;/i&gt; of Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(1)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1934–1945&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%"&gt;Succeeded by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz"&gt;Karl Dönitz&lt;/a&gt; (as President)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="3" style="background: rgb(207, 156, 101) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"&gt;Military offices&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%"&gt;Preceded by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch"&gt;Walther von Brauchitsch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1" width="40%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres"&gt;Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres (Army Commander)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1941–1945&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%"&gt;Succeeded by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6rner" title="Ferdinand Schörner"&gt;Ferdinand Schörner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" style="background: rgb(190, 190, 190) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes and references&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;small&gt;1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 2px;"&gt; &lt;table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"&gt;&lt;span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0"&gt;show&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Adolf_Hitler" title="Template:Adolf Hitler"&gt;&lt;span title="View this template" style="border: medium none ;"&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Adolf_Hitler" title="Template talk:Adolf Hitler"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Discussion about this template"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Adolf_Hitler&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Adolf_Hitler&amp;amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving."&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 110%;"&gt;&lt;strong class="selflink"&gt;Adolf Hitler&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style=""&gt;Politics&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_political_beliefs" title="Hitler's political beliefs"&gt;Political beliefs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler_speeches" title="List of Adolf Hitler speeches" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Speeches&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf"&gt;Mein Kampf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweites_Buch" title="Zweites Buch"&gt;Zweites Buch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler"&gt;Last will and testament&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style=""&gt;Events&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Hitler's rise to power"&gt;Rise to power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"&gt;Third Reich&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust"&gt;Holocaust&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II"&gt;World War II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler"&gt;Death&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style=""&gt;Personal life&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghof_%28Hitler%29" title="Berghof (Hitler)"&gt;Home&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_medical_health" title="Adolf Hitler's medical health"&gt;Medical health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_religious_beliefs" title="Adolf Hitler's religious beliefs"&gt;Religious beliefs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_sexuality" title="Adolf Hitler's sexuality"&gt;Sexuality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Vegetarianism of Adolf Hitler"&gt;Vegetarianism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style=""&gt;Perceptions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler_books" title="List of Adolf Hitler books" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Books&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_in_popular_culture" title="Adolf Hitler in popular culture"&gt;In popular culture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Sieg_des_Glaubens" title="Der Sieg des Glaubens"&gt;Der Sieg des Glaubens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will"&gt;Triumph of the Will&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empty_Mirror" title="The Empty Mirror"&gt;The Empty Mirror&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler:_The_Last_Ten_Days" title="Hitler: The Last Ten Days"&gt;Hitler: The Last Ten Days&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Hitler" title="The Meaning of Hitler"&gt;The Meaning of Hitler&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_%28film%29" title="Max (film)"&gt;Max&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler:_The_Rise_of_Evil" title="Hitler: The Rise of Evil"&gt;Hitler: The Rise of Evil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfall_%28film%29" title="Downfall (film)"&gt;Der Untergang (Downfall)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_family" title="Hitler family"&gt;Family&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun"&gt;Eva Braun&lt;/a&gt; (wife)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler" title="Alois Hitler"&gt;Alois&lt;/a&gt; (father)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klara_Hitler" title="Klara Hitler"&gt;Klara&lt;/a&gt; (mother)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler,_Jr." title="Alois Hitler, Jr."&gt;Alois&lt;/a&gt; (half-brother)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Hitler" title="Angela Hitler"&gt;Angela&lt;/a&gt; (half-sister)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Hitler" title="Gustav Hitler"&gt;Gustav&lt;/a&gt; (brother)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Hitler" title="Ida Hitler"&gt;Ida&lt;/a&gt; (sister)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hitler" title="Otto Hitler"&gt;Otto&lt;/a&gt; (brother)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hitler" title="Edmund Hitler"&gt;Edmund&lt;/a&gt; (brother)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Hitler" title="Paula Hitler"&gt;Paula&lt;/a&gt; (sister)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Patrick_Hitler" title="William Patrick Hitler"&gt;William Patrick&lt;/a&gt; (nephew)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Hitler" title="Heinz Hitler"&gt;Heinz&lt;/a&gt; (nephew)&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondi" title="Blondi"&gt;Blondi&lt;/a&gt; (dog)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 2px;"&gt; &lt;table id="collapsibleTable1" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"&gt;&lt;span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:collapseTable(1);" id="collapseButton1"&gt;show&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GermanChancellors" title="Template:GermanChancellors"&gt;&lt;span title="View this template" style="border: medium none ;"&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:GermanChancellors" title="Template talk:GermanChancellors"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Discussion about this template"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GermanChancellors&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GermanChancellors&amp;amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving."&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 110%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany"&gt;Chancellor of Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"&gt;German Empire&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;(1871–1918)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck"&gt;Otto von Bismarck&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi"&gt;Leo von Caprivi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst"&gt;Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow"&gt;Bernhard von Bülow&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg"&gt;Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis"&gt;Georg Michaelis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling"&gt;Georg von Hertling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden"&gt;Prince Maximilian of Baden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; width: 0%;" rowspan="9"&gt; &lt;div class="floatright"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Germany"&gt;&lt;img alt="Coat of arms of Germany" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg.png" border="0" height="94" width="75" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution" title="German Revolution" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Revolutionary Period&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;(1918–1919)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert"&gt;Friedrich Ebert&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic"&gt;Weimar Republic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;(1919–1933)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann" title="Philipp Scheidemann"&gt;Philipp Scheidemann&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Bauer" title="Gustav Bauer"&gt;Gustav Bauer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_%28politician%29" title="Hermann Müller (politician)"&gt;Hermann Müller&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Fehrenbach" title="Konstantin Fehrenbach"&gt;Konstantin Fehrenbach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth"&gt;Joseph Wirth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Cuno" title="Wilhelm Cuno"&gt;Wilhelm Cuno&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann"&gt;Gustav Stresemann&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx"&gt;Wilhelm Marx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther"&gt;Hans Luther&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx"&gt;Wilhelm Marx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_%28politician%29" title="Hermann Müller (politician)"&gt;Hermann Müller&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning"&gt;Heinrich Brüning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen"&gt;Franz von Papen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher"&gt;Kurt von Schleicher&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"&gt;Third Reich&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;(1933–1945)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;strong class="selflink"&gt;Adolf Hitler&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels"&gt;Joseph Goebbels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk"&gt;Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"&gt;Federal Republic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;(1949–)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer"&gt;Konrad Adenauer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard"&gt;Ludwig Erhard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger"&gt;Kurt Georg Kiesinger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt"&gt;Willy Brandt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt"&gt;Helmut Schmidt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl"&gt;Helmut Kohl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder"&gt;Gerhard Schröder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel"&gt;Angela Merkel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 2px;"&gt; &lt;table id="collapsibleTable2" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"&gt;&lt;span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:collapseTable(2);" id="collapseButton2"&gt;show&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template:Hitler's Cabinet"&gt;&lt;span title="View this template" style="border: medium none ;"&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Hitler%27s_Cabinet&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Hitler's Cabinet (page does not exist)"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Discussion about this template"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet&amp;amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving."&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;table style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-size: 105%;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.2em 0pt 0.1em; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Reichsadler.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Nazi Germany"&gt;&lt;img alt="Coat of arms of Nazi Germany" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Reichsadler.svg/40px-Reichsadler.svg.png" border="0" height="26" width="40" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0.2em 0pt 0pt 0.4em; line-height: 1.1em;"&gt;The &lt;strong class="selflink"&gt;Hitler&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Hitler%27s_cabinet" title="Members of Hitler's cabinet"&gt;Cabinet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0.1em 0.4em; line-height: 1.1em;"&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;(30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/center&gt; &lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.4em 0px 0px; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;strong class="selflink"&gt;Adolf Hitler&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany"&gt;Chancellor&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer"&gt;Führer&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px 0px 0.2em; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen"&gt;Franz von Papen (ind)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath"&gt;Konstantin von Neurath&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop"&gt;Joachim von Ribbentrop&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick"&gt;Wilhelm Frick&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler"&gt;Heinrich Himmler&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk"&gt;Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (ind)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg"&gt;Alfred Hugenberg&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party"&gt;DNVP&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt"&gt;Kurt Schmitt&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht"&gt;Hjalmar Schacht (ind)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring"&gt;Hermann Göring&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk"&gt;Walther Funk&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte"&gt;Franz Seldte&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner"&gt;Franz Gürtner&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party"&gt;DNVP&lt;
